Peepa: Difference between revisions

From the Super Mario Wiki, the Mario encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Tag: Mobile edit
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
|comparable=[[Boo Buddies]]<br>[[Octoboo]]<br>[[Eerie]]
|comparable=[[Boo Buddies]]<br>[[Octoboo]]<br>[[Eerie]]
|first_appearance=''[[Super Mario 3D Land]]'' ([[List of games by date#2011|2011]])
|first_appearance=''[[Super Mario 3D Land]]'' ([[List of games by date#2011|2011]])
|latest_appearance=''[[Mario Party Superstars]]'' ([[List of games by date#2021|2021]])
|latest_appearance=''[[Super Mario Party Jamboree]]'' ([[List of games by date#2024|2024]])
}}
}}
'''Peepas''' are [[Boo]]-like enemies debuting in ''[[Super Mario 3D Land]]''. They are small, white ghosts with stubby arms, black eyes with white pupils and a permanently smiling mouth which shows its two teeth. As ghostly enemies that have an appearance different from most Boos and often travel in predetermined paths, Peepas are somewhat similar to the [[Eerie]]s in ''[[Super Mario World]]''.
'''Peepas''' are [[Boo]]-like enemies debuting in ''[[Super Mario 3D Land]]''. They are small, white ghosts with stubby arms, black eyes with white pupils and a permanently smiling mouth which shows its two teeth. As ghostly enemies that have an appearance different from most Boos and often travel in predetermined paths, Peepas are somewhat similar to [[Eerie]]s in ''[[Super Mario World]]''.


==History==
==History==
Line 13: Line 13:
====''Super Mario 3D Land''====
====''Super Mario 3D Land''====
[[File:PeepaSM3DL.png|frame|left]]
[[File:PeepaSM3DL.png|frame|left]]
[[File:Luigi 3DL.png|thumb|A Peepa and a [[Koopa Troopa]] with captured Luigi in ''Super Mario 3D Land'']]
Peepas are exclusive to the [[Ghost House]]s found in the game. These enemies are usually found alongside [[Boo]]s. Peepas do not directly attack [[Mario]] or [[Luigi]] when they get too close, but rather stay in a stationary position or move in a set area, making them more of an obstacle rather than an enemy. Sometimes, several Peepas encircle a select area similar to the [[Octoboo]]s in ''[[Super Mario Galaxy 2]]''. A Peepa can only be defeated by running into it while under the effects of a [[Super Star]].
Peepas are exclusive to the [[Ghost House]]s found in the game. These enemies are usually found alongside [[Boo]]s. Peepas do not directly attack [[Mario]] or [[Luigi]] when they get too close, but rather stay in a stationary position or move in a set area, making them more of an obstacle rather than an enemy. Sometimes, several Peepas encircle a select area similar to the [[Octoboo]]s in ''[[Super Mario Galaxy 2]]''. A Peepa can only be defeated by running into it while under the effects of a [[Super Star]].
{{br}}
{{br}}


====''New Super Mario Bros. 2''====
====''New Super Mario Bros. 2''====
[[File:Peepa NSMB2 Prima.jpg|left|100px|thumb]]
[[File:Peepa NSMB2.png|thumb|Circling Peepas in ''New Super Mario Bros. 2'']]
[[File:Peepa NSMB2.png|thumb|Circling Peepas in ''New Super Mario Bros. 2'']]
Peepas made their next appearance in ''[[New Super Mario Bros. 2]]'', marking their first sidescroller appearance. They act like the [[Boo Buddies|Circling Boo Buddies]] of ''[[Super Mario World]]'' and ''[[New Super Mario Bros. Wii]]''. Like most Boos of the game, they have a bluish complexion. Peepas first appear in [[World 2 (New Super Mario Bros. 2)|World 2's]] Ghost House.  
Peepas made their next appearance in ''[[New Super Mario Bros. 2]]'', marking their first sidescroller appearance. They act like the [[Boo Buddies|Circling Boo Buddies]] of ''[[Super Mario World]]'' and ''[[New Super Mario Bros. Wii]]''. Like most Boos of the game, they have a bluish complexion. Peepas first appear in [[World 2 (New Super Mario Bros. 2)|World 2's]] Ghost House.  
Line 25: Line 23:


====''Super Mario 3D World'' / ''Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury''====
====''Super Mario 3D World'' / ''Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury''====
[[File:Peepa SM3DW Prima.jpg|75px|thumb|left]]
Peepas reappear in ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' and ''[[Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury]]''. Unlike in previous games, they can be defeated by the light of a [[Light Box]]. Here, they make a unique distorted sound effect when defeated. This is also the first game where Peepas are shown with an expression other than their usual grin; as they make a terrified face when they are being illuminated by a Light Box.
Peepas reappear in ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' and ''[[Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury]]''. Unlike in previous games, they can be defeated by the light of a [[Light Box]]. Here, they make a unique distorted sound effect when defeated. This is also the first game where Peepas are shown with an expression other than their usual grin; as they make a terrified face when they are being illuminated by a Light Box.


Line 32: Line 29:


====''Super Mario Maker 2''====
====''Super Mario Maker 2''====
[[File:SMM2 SM3DW Big Peepa.png|thumb|90px|A big Peepa]]
[[File:SMM2 SM3DW Big Peepa.png|thumb|90px|left|A big Peepa]]
Peepas reappear in ''[[Super Mario Maker 2]]'', where they are placeable enemies in the ''Super Mario 3D World'' style. Much like in ''New Super Mario Bros. 2'', they act like the [[Boo Buddies]], which are present in the other game styles.
Peepas reappear in ''[[Super Mario Maker 2]]'', where they are placeable enemies in the ''Super Mario 3D World'' style. Much like in ''New Super Mario Bros. 2'', they act like the [[Boo Buddies]], which are present in the other game styles.
{{br}}
{{br}}
Line 38: Line 35:
===''Mario Party'' series===
===''Mario Party'' series===
====''Mario Party: Island Tour''====
====''Mario Party: Island Tour''====
{{multiple image
Peepas in ''[[Mario Party: Island Tour]]'' replace [[Red Boo|Red Boos]] from previous games. In the [[minigame]] [[Get Reel]], a few can be seen inhabiting the corridor, where they end up chasing Mario. They also appear in the minigames [[Horror Harriers]] and [[Peep a Peepa]], where players have to avoid them and shine a light on them, respectively.
|align=right
|direction=horizontal
|width1=150
|image1=Horror Harriers.png
|caption1=Horror Harriers
|width2=150
|image2=Peep a Peepa.png
|caption2=Peep a Peepa
}}
Peepas made their [[Mario Party (series)|''Mario Party'' series]] debut in ''[[Mario Party: Island Tour]]''. They replace [[Red Boo|Red Boos]] from previous games. In the [[minigame]] [[Get Reel]], a few can be seen inhabiting the corridor, where they end up chasing Mario. They also appear in the minigames [[Horror Harriers]] and [[Peep a Peepa]], where players have to avoid them and shine a light on them, respectively.


====''Mario Party 10''====
====''Mario Party 10''====
[[File:MP10-PeepaPanic.png|thumb|left|Peepas in Peepa Panic]]
[[File:MP10-PeepaPanic.png|thumb|Peepas in Peepa Panic]]
Peepas make an appearance in ''[[Mario Party 10]]'' as the main obstacles in the four-player minigame [[Peepa Panic]].
Peepas make an appearance in ''[[Mario Party 10]]'' as the main obstacles in the four-player minigame [[Peepa Panic]].


====''Mario Party: Star Rush''====
====''Mario Party: Star Rush''====
{{quote|Whaaa?! Two of the same person? What is this madness?!|[[World 2-2 (Mario Party: Star Rush)|World 2-2]] and [[World 2-3 (Mario Party: Star Rush)|World 2-3]]|''[[Mario Party: Star Rush]]''}}
Peepas reappear in ''[[Mario Party: Star Rush]]''. They serve as the primary obstacles in [[World 2-2 (Mario Party: Star Rush)|World 2-2]] and [[World 2-3 (Mario Party: Star Rush)|World 2-3]], where they masquerade as a duplicate ally. When players take them, they reveal themselves and hinder the party with their [[Cursed Dice Block]], which rolls only 0's and -1's. Players cannot select to play as a Peepa, and they disappear after a set amount of time. They additionally appear in the minigames [[House of Boos]] and [[King Boo's Light Smite]], where they travel in straight lines. They grab players and bring them to the beginning if players run into them.
Peepas reappear in ''[[Mario Party: Star Rush]]''. They serve as the primary obstacles in [[World 2-2 (Mario Party: Star Rush)|World 2-2]] and [[World 2-3 (Mario Party: Star Rush)|World 2-3]], where they masquerade as a duplicate ally. When players take them, they reveal themselves and hinder the party with their [[Cursed Dice Block]], which rolls only 0's and -1's. Players cannot select to play as a Peepa, and they disappear after a set amount of time. They additionally appear in the minigames [[House of Boos]] and [[King Boo's Light Smite]], where they travel in straight lines. They grab players and bring them to the beginning if players run into them.


Line 62: Line 50:
====''Mario Party Superstars''====
====''Mario Party Superstars''====
Various Peepas appear in the [[Horror Land]] game board of ''[[Mario Party Superstars]]''.
Various Peepas appear in the [[Horror Land]] game board of ''[[Mario Party Superstars]]''.
====''Super Mario Party Jamboree''====
Peepas reappear in ''[[Super Mario Party Jamboree]]''. One Peepa is a shopkeeper in [[Rainbow Galleria]].


===''Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker''===
===''Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker''===
Line 67: Line 58:


===''Super Mario-kun''===
===''Super Mario-kun''===
{{more images|section=y}}
{{image|more=yes|section=y|Appearance in Super Mario-kun}}
A Peepa appears in volume 46 of ''[[Super Mario-kun]]''. It encourages a [[Tail Boo]] to scare Mario. At the end of the chapter, the Peepa gets buried by an avalanche along with the Tail Boo, the [[Big Boo|Tail Boo's father]], and the Bros.
A Peepa appears in volume 46 of ''[[Super Mario-kun]]''. It encourages a [[Tail Boo]] to scare Mario. At the end of the chapter, the Peepa gets buried by an avalanche along with the Tail Boo, the [[Big Boo|Tail Boo's father]], and the Bros.


Line 84: Line 75:
==Profiles and statistics==
==Profiles and statistics==
===''Mario Party: Star Rush''===
===''Mario Party: Star Rush''===
{|width=100% cellspacing=0 border=2 cellpadding=3 style="border-collapse:collapse;background:white"
{|width=100% class=wikitable
|-style="background:white;"
!Image
!Image
!Name
!Name
Line 103: Line 93:


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{Main-gallery}}
<gallery>
<gallery>
Peepa!nsmb2.png|''[[New Super Mario Bros. 2]]''
Luigi 3DL.png|A Peepa and a [[Koopa Troopa]] with a captured Luigi in ''Super Mario 3D Land''
NSSM Page 6 Colored Example.jpg|Official colored example of page 6 of ''Nurie Selection Super Mario''
Peepa NSMB2 Prima.jpg|''[[New Super Mario Bros. 2]]''
LEGO Super Mario Character Pack Series 1 Sets.jpg|[[LEGO Super Mario|LEGO ''Super Mario'']]
Peepa!nsmb2.png|''New Super Mario Bros. 2''
Panini SMTCC 123.jpg|[[Super Mario Trading Card Collection|''Super Mario'' Trading Card Collection]]
Peepa SM3DW Prima.jpg|''[[Super Mario 3D World]]''
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 114: Line 105:
|Jap=テレン
|Jap=テレン
|JapR=Teren
|JapR=Teren
|JapM=Pun on「照れん」(''teren'', not be shy) and「テレサ」(''Teresa'', [[Boo]])
|JapM=Pun on「照れん」(''teren''), a simplified form of「照れない」(''terenai'', not be shy), and「テレサ」(''Teresa'', "[[Boo]]")
|ChiS=不害羞幽灵
|ChiS=不害羞幽灵
|ChiSR=Búhàixiū Yōulíng
|ChiSR=Búhàixiū Yōulíng
|ChiSM=Literally "Not Shy Ghost", derived from "不" (''bù'', "not") and "害羞幽灵" (''Hàixiūyōulíng'', Boo)
|ChiSM=Literally "Not Shy Ghost", derived from「不」(''bù'', "not") and「害羞幽灵」(''Hàixiūyōulíng'', "Boo")
|ChiT=不害羞幽靈
|ChiT=不害羞幽靈
|ChiTR=Búhàixiū Yōulíng
|ChiTR=Búhàixiū Yōulíng
|ChiTM=Literally "Not Shy Ghost", derived from "不" (''bù'', "not") and "害羞幽靈" (''Hàixiūyōulíng'', Boo)
|ChiTM=Literally "Not Shy Ghost", derived from「不」(''bù'', "not") and「害羞幽靈」(''Hàixiūyōulíng'', "Boo")
|Dut=Peepa
|Dut=Peepa
|DutM=-
|Fre=Paltrak
|Fra=Paltrak
|FreM=From ''pas le trac'' ("not nervous")
|FraM=Portmanteau of ''pas'' ("not" or "no") and ''le trac'' ("worries", "stage fright")
|Ger=Spukmatz
|Ger=Spukmatz
|GerM=Combination of ''Spuk'' ("haunting") and ''Piepmatz'' ("birdie")
|GerM=Combination of ''spuk'' ("haunting") and ''piepmatz'' ("birdie")
|Ita=Ectobaldo
|Ita=Ectobaldo
|ItaM=From ''ectoplasma'' ("ectoplasm") and ''baldo'' ("bold")
|ItaM=From ''ectoplasma'' ("ectoplasm") and ''baldo'' ("bold")
|Kor=안부끄
|Kor=안부끄
|KorR=Anbukkeu
|KorR=Anbukkeu
|KorM=From 안 ("not") and 부끄부끄 (Boo's Korean name), literally meaning "not shy"
|KorM=From "" (''an'', "not") and "부끄부끄" (''Bukkeu-bukkeu'', "Boo"), literally meaning "not shy"
|PorA=Esbugalhado
|PorA=Esbugalhado
|PorAM="Pop-eyed"; also a wordplay with ''Bu'' (Boo's Portuguese name)
|PorAM="Pop-eyed"; also a word-play with ''Bu'' ("Boo")
|PorE=Fantasma
|PorE=Fantasma
|PorEM=Ghost
|PorEM=Ghost
Line 140: Line 130:
|RusM=Pop-eyed ghost
|RusM=Pop-eyed ghost
|Spa=Fantasmirón
|Spa=Fantasmirón
|SpaM=From "fantasma" ("ghost") and "mirón" ("peeper")
|SpaM=From ''fantasma'' ("ghost") and ''mirón'' ("peeper")
}}
}}


==Trivia==
==Trivia==
*The ghost that dwells inside [[Box Boy]] in ''[[Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars]]'' bears resemblance to a Peepa.
*The ghost that dwells inside [[Pleaseno]] in ''[[Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars]]'' bears resemblance to a Peepa.


{{nav templates|
{{navboxes|
{{Boos}}
{{Boos}}
{{SM3DL}}
{{SM3DL}}
Line 159: Line 149:
{{SMM2}}
{{SMM2}}
{{DMW}}
{{DMW}}
{{MPS}}}}
{{MPS}}
{{SMPJ}}}}
[[Category:Boos]]
[[Category:Boos]]
[[Category:Dr. Mario World]]
[[Category:Dr. Mario World]]
[[Category:LEGO Super Mario characters]]
[[Category:Mario Party 10]]
[[Category:Mario Party 10]]
[[Category:Mario Party: Island Tour]]
[[Category:Mario Party: Island Tour]]
Line 170: Line 162:
[[Category:Super Mario 3D World enemies]]
[[Category:Super Mario 3D World enemies]]
[[Category:Super Mario Maker 2 enemies]]
[[Category:Super Mario Maker 2 enemies]]
[[Category:Super Mario Party characters]]
[[Category:Super Mario Party Jamboree characters]]
[[it:Ectobaldo]]
[[it:Ectobaldo]]
[[de:Grinse-Buu Huu]]
[[de:Grinse-Buu Huu]]

Latest revision as of 08:01, November 17, 2024

Not to be confused with Peeper or Peeka.
Peepa
Artwork of a Peepa in Mario Party: Star Rush
Artwork of a Peepa from Mario Party: Star Rush.
First appearance Super Mario 3D Land (2011)
Latest appearance Super Mario Party Jamboree (2024)
Variant of Boo
Comparable

Peepas are Boo-like enemies debuting in Super Mario 3D Land. They are small, white ghosts with stubby arms, black eyes with white pupils and a permanently smiling mouth which shows its two teeth. As ghostly enemies that have an appearance different from most Boos and often travel in predetermined paths, Peepas are somewhat similar to Eeries in Super Mario World.

History[edit]

Super Mario series[edit]

Super Mario 3D Land[edit]

PeepaSM3DL.png

Peepas are exclusive to the Ghost Houses found in the game. These enemies are usually found alongside Boos. Peepas do not directly attack Mario or Luigi when they get too close, but rather stay in a stationary position or move in a set area, making them more of an obstacle rather than an enemy. Sometimes, several Peepas encircle a select area similar to the Octoboos in Super Mario Galaxy 2. A Peepa can only be defeated by running into it while under the effects of a Super Star.

New Super Mario Bros. 2[edit]

Circling Peepas in New Super Mario Bros. 2

Peepas made their next appearance in New Super Mario Bros. 2, marking their first sidescroller appearance. They act like the Circling Boo Buddies of Super Mario World and New Super Mario Bros. Wii. Like most Boos of the game, they have a bluish complexion. Peepas first appear in World 2's Ghost House.

Also, in World 3's Ghost House and other Ghost House based levels, Peepas carry moving yellow platforms. They appear when Mario stands on one of them. They will move along with the platform tracks if there is any. Sometimes they will tilt the platforms and also they may disappear at the end of a track, causing the platforms to disappear as well. These platform-carrying Peepas do not hurt Mario or Luigi if they touch them, unlike the circling Peepas.

Super Mario 3D World / Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury[edit]

Peepas reappear in Super Mario 3D World and Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury. Unlike in previous games, they can be defeated by the light of a Light Box. Here, they make a unique distorted sound effect when defeated. This is also the first game where Peepas are shown with an expression other than their usual grin; as they make a terrified face when they are being illuminated by a Light Box.

In Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury, a trait from Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker has been added; in the Captain Toad's Adventures levels, Captain Toad's headlamp can now defeat Peepas and Boos similarly to the Light Box.

Super Mario Maker 2[edit]

A Big Peepa in the Super Mario 3D World style from Super Mario Maker 2
A big Peepa

Peepas reappear in Super Mario Maker 2, where they are placeable enemies in the Super Mario 3D World style. Much like in New Super Mario Bros. 2, they act like the Boo Buddies, which are present in the other game styles.

Mario Party series[edit]

Mario Party: Island Tour[edit]

Peepas in Mario Party: Island Tour replace Red Boos from previous games. In the minigame Get Reel, a few can be seen inhabiting the corridor, where they end up chasing Mario. They also appear in the minigames Horror Harriers and Peep a Peepa, where players have to avoid them and shine a light on them, respectively.

Mario Party 10[edit]

Peepas in Peepa Panic

Peepas make an appearance in Mario Party 10 as the main obstacles in the four-player minigame Peepa Panic.

Mario Party: Star Rush[edit]

“Whaaa?! Two of the same person? What is this madness?!”
World 2-2 and World 2-3, Mario Party: Star Rush

Peepas reappear in Mario Party: Star Rush. They serve as the primary obstacles in World 2-2 and World 2-3, where they masquerade as a duplicate ally. When players take them, they reveal themselves and hinder the party with their Cursed Dice Block, which rolls only 0's and -1's. Players cannot select to play as a Peepa, and they disappear after a set amount of time. They additionally appear in the minigames House of Boos and King Boo's Light Smite, where they travel in straight lines. They grab players and bring them to the beginning if players run into them.

Super Mario Party[edit]

Peepas appear in Super Mario Party as non-playable characters. When the Peepa Bell is used, a Peepa appears and chases a chosen player to take a coin from them each time they move.

Mario Party Superstars[edit]

Various Peepas appear in the Horror Land game board of Mario Party Superstars.

Super Mario Party Jamboree[edit]

Peepas reappear in Super Mario Party Jamboree. One Peepa is a shopkeeper in Rainbow Galleria.

Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker[edit]

Peepas appear as enemies in Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker and its Nintendo Switch and Nintendo 3DS ports, behaving the same way as in Super Mario 3D Land and Super Mario 3D World. They can be defeated if Captain Toad or Toadette shine their headlamps on them for long enough. Additionally, using a Double Cherry to shine two headlamps on a Peepa will defeat it much faster, within a quarter of a second.

Super Mario-kun[edit]

It has been requested that more images be uploaded for this section. Remove this notice only after the additional images have been added. Specific(s): Appearance in Super Mario-kun

A Peepa appears in volume 46 of Super Mario-kun. It encourages a Tail Boo to scare Mario. At the end of the chapter, the Peepa gets buried by an avalanche along with the Tail Boo, the Tail Boo's father, and the Bros.

Mario Tennis Aces[edit]

Peepas make their debut in the Mario Tennis series with Mario Tennis Aces and appear as spectators in the court Mirage Mansion.

Dr. Mario World[edit]

Image of a Peepa from Dr. Mario World

Peepas appear as assistants in Dr. Mario World. Their stage mode effect increases the player's base score for every green virus that is eliminated. Their versus mode effect grants a chance one of the viruses that appear is transformed into an exploder when all viruses in the player's play area are eliminated. The amount of points gained and the chance of an exploder appearing are increased at higher levels, starting from 50 points and 20% respectively to 200 points and 100% respectively. Peepas also appear as background objects in World 4 when all stages are cleared.

Unused appearances[edit]

Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam[edit]

Peepas were going to appear in Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam, but they were removed from the game for unknown reasons; however, the unused Peepa graphics can be found with the Boo graphics.

Profiles and statistics[edit]

Mario Party: Star Rush[edit]

Image Name Bio
Peepa as viewed in the Character Museum from Mario Party: Star Rush Peepa
Unlike a Boo, this ghost is far from shy.
These wispy spirits float mischievously about and often wander the corridors of labyrinths and mazes.

Dr. Mario World[edit]

  • Stage mode: Increases base score by 50/70/100/150/200 points for every green virus eliminated.
  • Versus mode: If all viruses in your stage are eliminated, grants 20%/40%/60%/80%/100% chance an exploder will appear.

Mario Party Superstars[edit]

  • Encyclopedia Bio: Unlike Boos, they are not shy enough to hide when spotted.

Gallery[edit]

For this subject's image gallery, see Gallery:Peepa.

Names in other languages[edit]

Language Name Meaning Notes
Japanese テレン[?]
Teren
Pun on「照れん」(teren), a simplified form of「照れない」(terenai, not be shy), and「テレサ」(Teresa, "Boo")
Chinese (simplified) 不害羞幽灵[?]
Búhàixiū Yōulíng
Literally "Not Shy Ghost", derived from「不」(, "not") and「害羞幽灵」(Hàixiūyōulíng, "Boo")
Chinese (traditional) 不害羞幽靈[?]
Búhàixiū Yōulíng
Literally "Not Shy Ghost", derived from「不」(, "not") and「害羞幽靈」(Hàixiūyōulíng, "Boo")
Dutch Peepa[?] -
French Paltrak[?] From pas le trac ("not nervous")
German Spukmatz[?] Combination of spuk ("haunting") and piepmatz ("birdie")
Italian Ectobaldo[?] From ectoplasma ("ectoplasm") and baldo ("bold")
Korean 안부끄[?]
Anbukkeu
From "안" (an, "not") and "부끄부끄" (Bukkeu-bukkeu, "Boo"), literally meaning "not shy"
Portuguese (NOA) Esbugalhado[?] "Pop-eyed"; also a word-play with Bu ("Boo")
Portuguese (NOE) Fantasma[?] Ghost
Russian Пучеглазый призрак[?]
Pucheglazyy prizrak
Pop-eyed ghost
Spanish Fantasmirón[?] From fantasma ("ghost") and mirón ("peeper")

Trivia[edit]