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{{ | {{about|the species that first appeared in ''Super Mario 64''|other uses of the word "bully"|[[Bully (disambiguation)]]}} | ||
{{species | {{species infobox | ||
|image=[[File:Bully Artwork - Super Mario 3D World.png|220px]]<br>Artwork of a | |image=[[File:Bully Artwork - Super Mario 3D World.png|220px]]<br>Artwork of a Bully from ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' | ||
|first_appearance=''[[Super Mario 64]]'' ([[List of games by date#1996|1996]]) | |||
|first_appearance=''[[Super Mario 64]]'' ([[1996]]) | |latest_appearance=''[[Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury]]'' ([[List of games by date#2021|2021]]) | ||
| | |variants=[[Big Bully]] | ||
| | |derived_subjects=[[Snailicorn]] | ||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{quote|Don't be a pushover! If anyone tries to shove [[Mario|you]] around, push back! It's one-on-one, with a [[Lava|fiery finish]] for the loser!|Lakitu Bros.|Super Mario 64}} | |||
'''Bullies''' (alternately pluralized '''Bullys'''<ref>{{cite|date=April 1997|title=''Nintendo Magazine System'' (AU) Issue #49|page=30}}</ref>), or '''Viking Bombs''',<ref>{{cite|author=Prima Bath|title=''Nintendo 64 Game Secrets, 1999 Edition'' Prima's Official Strategy Guide|page=88|publisher=[[Prima Games]]|language=en-us|date=April 7, 1999|isbn=0-7615-2103-8}}</ref> are a race of creatures introduced in ''[[Super Mario 64]]''. They are first found in [[Lethal Lava Land]] in ''Super Mario 64'' and its remake, ''[[Super Mario 64 DS]]'', and have since become recurring, albeit occasional, enemies in the ''[[Super Mario (series)|Super Mario]]'' series. Their name and design are a pun on the words "bully," referring to their aggressive behavior, and "bull," referring to their horns and charging attack pattern. | |||
==History== | |||
===''Super Mario'' series=== | |||
====''Super Mario 64'' / ''Super Mario 64 DS''==== | |||
[[File:Bully SM64 screenshot.png|thumb|right|A Bully near Mario in Lethal Lava Land in ''Super Mario 64'']] | |||
In ''[[Super Mario 64]]'', Bullies are black spheres with green feet, angry eyes, and two yellow bull horns. They appear in [[Lethal Lava Land]] and the second [[Bowser]] level, [[Bowser in the Fire Sea]]. Bullies are usually found on platforms and sometimes in groups. Bullies try to charge into [[Mario]] to knock him off the platform into the surrounding [[lava]]. They always move in the direction that Mario is facing. Mario does not take damage if he is hit by a Bully. He can defeat a Bully by knocking it into the lava, which can be done by either [[kick]]ing, [[punch]]ing, [[Ground Pound|ground-pound]]ing, or [[dive|diving]] at it. After the Bully sinks into the lava, it relinquishes a [[coin]], which is tossed onto the platform. | |||
Bullies have a larger variant known as [[Big Bully|Big Bullies]]. Two of them are respectively encountered in the first two missions of Lethal Lava Land. In the second mission, [[Bully the Bullies]], Mario must first defeat three Bullies before he can fight the second Big Bully. | |||
= | In [[Snowman's Land]], there is a similar enemy known as a [[Chill Bully]]. It resembles the Bullies because it has a round, icy body, one gold horn on its head, and green shoes. | ||
===''Super Mario | |||
[[File: | In ''[[Super Mario 64 DS]]'', [[Yoshi]] can push back the Bullies by [[stomp]]ing on them. Bullies also appear in [[Chief Chilly Challenge]], where they try to push [[Luigi]] into a [[pit|bottomless pit]]. | ||
{{br}} | |||
====''Super Mario 3D World'' / ''Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury''==== | |||
[[File:SM3DW Spooky Seaside Wreck.png|thumb|200px|Two Bullies chasing Mario in ''Super Mario 3D World''.]] | |||
Bullies appear in ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' and reappear in its [[Nintendo Switch]] port ''[[Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury]]'', where they have been redesigned. They are now made of a blue shiny metal, their horns are golden and are bent forward with dark rings at their bases, and they appear larger than their previous incarnations. Also, they have rims on the bodies' bottoms and red eyes. They no longer grunt, and make a metal sound when jumped on. They once again charge at the player, and can be knocked back by jumping on them, using projectiles like [[fireball]]s, or tapping them on the [[Wii U#Wii U GamePad|GamePad]]. Bullies will pause and teeter when pushed to the edge of a platform, giving the player time to land the final hit. If they are not knocked off, they will regain their balance and continue charging at the player. | |||
Bullies can also be defeated by using the [[Lucky Cat Mario|Lucky Cat Statue]]. A new boss, [[Prince Bully]], also appears in this game. | |||
Bullies reappear in the [[Nintendo Switch]] [[Reissue#Ports|port]] of ''Super Mario 3D World'', ''[[Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury]]''. In the ''Bowser's Fury'' mode, there are only cat variants of Bullies, which are known as Cat Bullies. Like all enemies in the game, they have cat-like traits, which are specifically fur, green paws instead of shoes, a cat-like tail, and cat ears instead of horns. Cat Bullies only appear in the Bully the Cat Bullies mission in [[Fort Flaptrap]], where [[Mario]] has to push them into lava or defeat them as [[Invincible Mario]] to obtain a [[Cat Shine]]. | |||
[[ | |||
Bullies | ====''Super Mario Maker 2''==== | ||
Bullies appear in ''[[Super Mario Maker 2]]'' as enemies exclusive to the ''Super Mario 3D World'' theme, acting as they did in that game. Giving one a [[Super Mushroom]] can make it a [[Big Bully]], and if a Bully has wings applied to it, it can fly over terrain in its way or out of a [[pit]] if knocked off a ledge. | |||
{{br}} | {{br}} | ||
==Names in | ===''Mario & Luigi'' series=== | ||
{{ | ====''Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam''==== | ||
|Jap=どんけつ< | Bullies appear in ''[[Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam]]'' as an enemy. They are only encountered at [[Mount Brrr]] and retain their physical appearance from ''Super Mario 3D World''. Their main attack is ramming [[Mario]], [[Luigi]], or [[Paper Mario (character)|Paper Mario]], who must counter it with the hammer. Occasionally, bombs will appear behind the bros., and they must jump on the Bully while it is charging in order to not get pushed into the bombs. If Paper Mario jumps over the Bully while it is charging, it will run into the bombs, causing it to explode and take damage. | ||
| | |||
| | Bullies make a minor appearance in the end credits where several of them attempt to ram into the [[Papercraft]]s alongside some [[Broozer]]s and [[Mechakoopa]]s in the [[Bowser's Castle]] portion. | ||
| | |||
| | ====''Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey''==== | ||
| | In ''[[Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey]]'', Bullies make an appearance in the ''Bowser Jr.'s Journey'' mode, where they are enemies and recruitable allies. They are Melee troops, and their [[Special Skill (Mario & Luigi series)|Special Skill]] is Smack Back Attack. | ||
===''Mario Net Quest''=== | |||
In ''[[Mario Net Quest]]'', a Bully using its ''Super Mario 64'' design is one of the obstacles that can pop out of the floor tiles. The player loses 500 points if they click on it. | |||
===Unused appearances=== | |||
====''Super Mario Galaxy''==== | |||
Models for small and big Bullies, labeled <tt>Donketu</tt> and <tt>DonketuKing</tt> respectively, are [[list of Super Mario Galaxy pre-release and unused content#Unused data|unused]] in ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]''. Similar to ''Super Mario 64'' and ''Super Mario 64 DS'', their bodies are made of a flat texture showing a picture of a black sphere, instead of a fully-modeled sphere. | |||
==Profiles and statistics== | |||
===''Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam''=== | |||
{{:Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam bestiary|transcludesection=Bully|align=horizontal|image=[[File:BullyPaperJam.gif]]}} | |||
===''Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey''=== | |||
*'''''Bowser Jr.'s Journey'' profile:''' ''The go-to blokes for a strong frontal offense. Their specialty is to push through their foes using their heavy bodies.'' | |||
===''Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury''=== | |||
*'''"Uncover a mystery pic from ''Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury''!" Switch news article bio:''' Make way for Cat Bully (a rather pushy fellow)! If you see one, try avoiding an un-fur-tunate situation by quickly moving past. But if push comes to shove, they can be defeated... | |||
==Gallery== | |||
<gallery> | |||
SM64 Asset Model Bully.png|Data render from ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' | |||
BullySM64.png|In-game render from ''Super Mario 64'' | |||
SM64 1-Horn Bully Proto.png|Unused model from ''Super Mario 64'' with only one horn | |||
SM64 Lethal Lava Land Star 2.png|Screenshot from ''Super Mario 64'' | |||
Super Mario 64 Puzzle.jpg|Artwork used for a ''Super Mario 64'' puzzle | |||
Mario Net Quest 2.png|Screenshot from ''[[Mario Net Quest]]'' | |||
SMAGPB5 Cover.png|''Super Mario Adventure Game Picture Book 5: Lost Penguin'' | |||
BullySM64DS.png|In-game render from ''[[Super Mario 64 DS]]'' | |||
SMG Unused Asset Model Bully.png|Unused models from ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' | |||
BullySM3DW.png|In-game render from ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' | |||
MLBISBJJBully.png|Sprite from ''[[Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey]]'' | |||
SMM2 Bully SM3DW icon.png|Icon from ''Super Mario Maker 2'' | |||
SM3DW+BF Artwork Bully (Cat).png|A Cat Bully in ''Bowser's Fury'' | |||
SMB 35th Anniversary Lineup TVCM 3.jpg|A Cat Bully in a Japanese commercial promoting the [[Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary|''Super Mario Bros.'' 35th Anniversary]] | |||
Lego Mario Promo from Lego Website (2).png|[[LEGO Super Mario|LEGO ''Super Mario'']] | |||
LSM Character Pack Series 4.png|LEGO ''Super Mario'' | |||
Lego Bully.png|LEGO ''Super Mario'' | |||
LEGO Super Mario 64 Question Mark Block.png|LEGO ''Super Mario'' | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Names in other languages== | |||
{{foreign names | |||
|Jap=どんけつ | |||
|JapR=Donketsu | |||
|JapM=Literally "bonk butt", a way of childish playing like tussling. Game files romanize it as "Donketu" in ''Super Mario 64 DS'' and ''Super Mario Galaxy'', and "Donketsu" in ''Super Mario 3D World''. | |||
|JapC=<ref>{{cite|author=Motomiya, Shusuke (One Up),Yasuhiro Nemoto, Hideki Endo, Yuta Naoi, and Noriko Tsuyuki, editors|title=「キャラクター図鑑」 in 『スーパーマリオ64完全クリアガイド』|url=hit930.sakura.ne.jp/hitjapan/book9/P140325214.JPG|date=1996|language=ja|location=Tokyo|publisher=Media Factory|page=13|isbn=4-88991-411-0}}</ref> | |||
|Jap2=ドンケツ | |||
|Jap2R=Donketsu | |||
|Jap2M=Literally "bonk butt", a way of childish playing like tussling. Game files romanize it as "Donketu" in ''Super Mario 64 DS'' and ''Super Mario Galaxy'', and "Donketsu" in ''Super Mario 3D World''. | |||
|Chi=斗斗 | |||
|ChiR=Dòudou | |||
|ChiM=Fighting; translated from the Japanese name | |||
|Dut=Bully | |||
|Fre=Moche | |||
|FreN=''Super Mario 64'' | |||
|FreM=Ugly | |||
|Fre2=Voyou | |||
|Fre2M=Bully | |||
|Fre3=Petite bombe<ref>{{cite|url=https://archive.org/details/NM6401/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Nintendo official French magazine N1|page=94}}</ref> | |||
|Fre3M=Little bomb | |||
|Ger=Bully | |||
|Ita=Bronco | |||
|ItaM=Similar to the European Spanish name | |||
|Kor=으샤 | |Kor=으샤 | ||
|KorR=Eusya | |KorR=Eusya | ||
|KorM=- | |KorM=Exclamation when exercising brute strength; similar to "heave ho". | ||
| | |PorA=Chatucho | ||
| | |PorAM=From ''chato'' ("annoying") and the suffix ''-ucho'', used in forming pejoratives from nouns and adjectives. | ||
|PorE=Brigão | |||
|PorEM=Adjective that refers to a person who often involved in fights or brawls; derived from the word ''briga'' ("fight"). | |||
|Rus=Задира | |||
|RusR=Zadira | |||
|RusM=Bully | |||
|SpaA=Peleón | |||
|SpaAM=Derived from the word ''pelear'' ("to fight") and refers to a person who is prone to be very conflictive with others. | |||
|SpaE=Bronco | |||
|SpaE2=Bully | |||
|SpaEM=Derived from the noun ''bronca'' (which means "fight" or "tussle" in Spain and "anger" in Latin America). Also, ''bronco'' as an adjective can denote a harsh person. | |||
}} | |||
==Trivia== | ==Trivia== | ||
* | *According to ''Super Mario 64'' source assets, its early name is <tt>Otos</tt>. This suggests a relation to a [[list of Super Mario 64 pre-release and unused content#Enemies|removed enemy]] known as Motos. Additionally, according to early Japanese mission titles, another consideration was the name「どすこい」(''Dosukoi'', from a {{wp|jinku#Sumo jinku|folk song}}).<ref>{{cite|author=TCRF|title=[[tcrf:Development:Super Mario 64 (Nintendo 64)/Dialogue & Text|Development:Super Mario 64 (Nintendo 64)/Dialogue & Text]]|publisher=The Cutting Room Floor|accessdate=August 17, 2022}}</ref> | ||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
{{SM64}} | {{SM64}} | ||
{{SM3DW}} | {{SM3DW}} | ||
[[de:Bully (Super Mario | {{M&LPJ}} | ||
[[Category: | {{M&LBIS}} | ||
[[Category: | {{SMM2}} | ||
[[Category: | [[de:Bully (Super Mario 3D-Serie)]] | ||
[[Category:Super Mario 3D World]] | [[it:Bronco]] | ||
[[Category:Super Mario 64]] | [[Category:Bowser Jr.'s Journey allies]] | ||
[[Category:Bowser's Fury enemies]] | |||
[[Category:LEGO Super Mario characters]] | |||
[[Category:Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam enemies]] | |||
[[Category:Super Mario 3D World enemies]] | |||
[[Category:Super Mario 64 enemies]] | |||
[[Category:Super Mario Maker 2 enemies]] |
Latest revision as of 00:46, November 4, 2024
- This article is about the species that first appeared in Super Mario 64. For other uses of the word "bully", see Bully (disambiguation).
Bully | |||
---|---|---|---|
Artwork of a Bully from Super Mario 3D World | |||
First appearance | Super Mario 64 (1996) | ||
Latest appearance | Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury (2021) | ||
| |||
|
- “Don't be a pushover! If anyone tries to shove you around, push back! It's one-on-one, with a fiery finish for the loser!”
- —Lakitu Bros., Super Mario 64
Bullies (alternately pluralized Bullys[1]), or Viking Bombs,[2] are a race of creatures introduced in Super Mario 64. They are first found in Lethal Lava Land in Super Mario 64 and its remake, Super Mario 64 DS, and have since become recurring, albeit occasional, enemies in the Super Mario series. Their name and design are a pun on the words "bully," referring to their aggressive behavior, and "bull," referring to their horns and charging attack pattern.
History[edit]
Super Mario series[edit]
Super Mario 64 / Super Mario 64 DS[edit]
In Super Mario 64, Bullies are black spheres with green feet, angry eyes, and two yellow bull horns. They appear in Lethal Lava Land and the second Bowser level, Bowser in the Fire Sea. Bullies are usually found on platforms and sometimes in groups. Bullies try to charge into Mario to knock him off the platform into the surrounding lava. They always move in the direction that Mario is facing. Mario does not take damage if he is hit by a Bully. He can defeat a Bully by knocking it into the lava, which can be done by either kicking, punching, ground-pounding, or diving at it. After the Bully sinks into the lava, it relinquishes a coin, which is tossed onto the platform.
Bullies have a larger variant known as Big Bullies. Two of them are respectively encountered in the first two missions of Lethal Lava Land. In the second mission, Bully the Bullies, Mario must first defeat three Bullies before he can fight the second Big Bully.
In Snowman's Land, there is a similar enemy known as a Chill Bully. It resembles the Bullies because it has a round, icy body, one gold horn on its head, and green shoes.
In Super Mario 64 DS, Yoshi can push back the Bullies by stomping on them. Bullies also appear in Chief Chilly Challenge, where they try to push Luigi into a bottomless pit.
Super Mario 3D World / Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury[edit]
Bullies appear in Super Mario 3D World and reappear in its Nintendo Switch port Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury, where they have been redesigned. They are now made of a blue shiny metal, their horns are golden and are bent forward with dark rings at their bases, and they appear larger than their previous incarnations. Also, they have rims on the bodies' bottoms and red eyes. They no longer grunt, and make a metal sound when jumped on. They once again charge at the player, and can be knocked back by jumping on them, using projectiles like fireballs, or tapping them on the GamePad. Bullies will pause and teeter when pushed to the edge of a platform, giving the player time to land the final hit. If they are not knocked off, they will regain their balance and continue charging at the player.
Bullies can also be defeated by using the Lucky Cat Statue. A new boss, Prince Bully, also appears in this game.
Bullies reappear in the Nintendo Switch port of Super Mario 3D World, Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury. In the Bowser's Fury mode, there are only cat variants of Bullies, which are known as Cat Bullies. Like all enemies in the game, they have cat-like traits, which are specifically fur, green paws instead of shoes, a cat-like tail, and cat ears instead of horns. Cat Bullies only appear in the Bully the Cat Bullies mission in Fort Flaptrap, where Mario has to push them into lava or defeat them as Invincible Mario to obtain a Cat Shine.
Super Mario Maker 2[edit]
Bullies appear in Super Mario Maker 2 as enemies exclusive to the Super Mario 3D World theme, acting as they did in that game. Giving one a Super Mushroom can make it a Big Bully, and if a Bully has wings applied to it, it can fly over terrain in its way or out of a pit if knocked off a ledge.
Mario & Luigi series[edit]
Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam[edit]
Bullies appear in Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam as an enemy. They are only encountered at Mount Brrr and retain their physical appearance from Super Mario 3D World. Their main attack is ramming Mario, Luigi, or Paper Mario, who must counter it with the hammer. Occasionally, bombs will appear behind the bros., and they must jump on the Bully while it is charging in order to not get pushed into the bombs. If Paper Mario jumps over the Bully while it is charging, it will run into the bombs, causing it to explode and take damage.
Bullies make a minor appearance in the end credits where several of them attempt to ram into the Papercrafts alongside some Broozers and Mechakoopas in the Bowser's Castle portion.
Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey[edit]
In Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey, Bullies make an appearance in the Bowser Jr.'s Journey mode, where they are enemies and recruitable allies. They are Melee troops, and their Special Skill is Smack Back Attack.
Mario Net Quest[edit]
In Mario Net Quest, a Bully using its Super Mario 64 design is one of the obstacles that can pop out of the floor tiles. The player loses 500 points if they click on it.
Unused appearances[edit]
Super Mario Galaxy[edit]
Models for small and big Bullies, labeled Donketu and DonketuKing respectively, are unused in Super Mario Galaxy. Similar to Super Mario 64 and Super Mario 64 DS, their bodies are made of a flat texture showing a picture of a black sphere, instead of a fully-modeled sphere.
Profiles and statistics[edit]
Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam[edit]
Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam enemy | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bully | ||||||||||
HP | 131 | POW | 98 (93) | Defense | 137 (99) | Speed | 59 | |||
Role | Common | Type | Normal | Weakness | None | Location(s) | Mount Brrr | |||
Level | 17 | Experience | 80 (75) | Coins | 50 | Item drop | Super Mushroom - 5% POW Scarf - 3% | |||
Notice: Stats in parentheses are from the game's Easy Mode. |
Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey[edit]
- Bowser Jr.'s Journey profile: The go-to blokes for a strong frontal offense. Their specialty is to push through their foes using their heavy bodies.
Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury[edit]
- "Uncover a mystery pic from Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury!" Switch news article bio: Make way for Cat Bully (a rather pushy fellow)! If you see one, try avoiding an un-fur-tunate situation by quickly moving past. But if push comes to shove, they can be defeated...
Gallery[edit]
Data render from Super Mario 64
Screenshot from Mario Net Quest
In-game render from Super Mario 64 DS
Unused models from Super Mario Galaxy
In-game render from Super Mario 3D World
A Cat Bully in a Japanese commercial promoting the Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary
Names in other languages[edit]
Language | Name | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Japanese | どんけつ[3] Donketsu |
Literally "bonk butt", a way of childish playing like tussling. Game files romanize it as "Donketu" in Super Mario 64 DS and Super Mario Galaxy, and "Donketsu" in Super Mario 3D World. | |
ドンケツ[?] Donketsu |
|||
Chinese | 斗斗[?] Dòudou |
Fighting; translated from the Japanese name | |
Dutch | Bully[?] | - | |
French | Moche[?] | Ugly | Super Mario 64 |
Voyou[?] | Bully | ||
Petite bombe[4] | Little bomb | ||
German | Bully[?] | - | |
Italian | Bronco[?] | Similar to the European Spanish name | |
Korean | 으샤[?] Eusya |
Exclamation when exercising brute strength; similar to "heave ho". | |
Portuguese (NOA) | Chatucho[?] | From chato ("annoying") and the suffix -ucho, used in forming pejoratives from nouns and adjectives. | |
Portuguese (NOE) | Brigão[?] | Adjective that refers to a person who often involved in fights or brawls; derived from the word briga ("fight"). | |
Russian | Задира[?] Zadira |
Bully | |
Spanish (NOA) | Peleón[?] | Derived from the word pelear ("to fight") and refers to a person who is prone to be very conflictive with others. | |
Spanish (NOE) | Bronco[?] | Derived from the noun bronca (which means "fight" or "tussle" in Spain and "anger" in Latin America). Also, bronco as an adjective can denote a harsh person. | |
Bully[?] | - |
Trivia[edit]
- According to Super Mario 64 source assets, its early name is Otos. This suggests a relation to a removed enemy known as Motos. Additionally, according to early Japanese mission titles, another consideration was the name「どすこい」(Dosukoi, from a folk song).[5]
References[edit]
- ^ April 1997. Nintendo Magazine System (AU) Issue #49. Page 30.
- ^ Prima Bath (April 7, 1999). Nintendo 64 Game Secrets, 1999 Edition Prima's Official Strategy Guide. Prima Games (American English). ISBN 0-7615-2103-8. Page 88.
- ^ Motomiya, Shusuke (One Up),Yasuhiro Nemoto, Hideki Endo, Yuta Naoi, and Noriko Tsuyuki, editors (1996). 「キャラクター図鑑」 in 『スーパーマリオ64完全クリアガイド』. Tokyo: Media Factory (Japanese). ISBN 4-88991-411-0. Page 13.
- ^ Nintendo official French magazine N1. Page 94.
- ^ TCRF. Development:Super Mario 64 (Nintendo 64)/Dialogue & Text. The Cutting Room Floor. Retrieved August 17, 2022.