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{{italic title|''Luigi'' (franchise)}}
{{FA}}
{{series-infobox
|title=Luigi
|image=[[File:Super luigi logo.png|250px]] 
|first=''[[Mario Bros.]]'' ([[List of games by date#1983|1983]])
|latest=''[[Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury]]'' ([[List of games by date#2021|2021]])
|number=300+ 
|sub= ''[[Yoshi (franchise)|Yoshi]]''; ''[[Super Smash Bros. (series)|Super Smash Bros.]]''; ''[[Mario & Sonic (series)|Mario & Sonic]]''<br>
''[[Super Mario (series)|Super Mario]]''; ''[[Super Mario Land (series)|Super Mario Land]]''; ''[[Paper Mario (series)|Paper Mario]]''; ''[[Mario & Luigi (series)|Mario & Luigi]]''; ''[[Mario vs. Donkey Kong (series)|Mario vs. Donkey Kong]]''; ''[[Dr. Mario (series)|Dr. Mario]]''; ''[[Super Mario Advance (series)|Super Mario Advance]]''; ''[[Mario Party (series)|Mario Party]]''; ''[[Mario Kart (series)|Mario Kart]]''; ''[[Mario Golf (series)|Mario Golf]]''; ''[[Mario Tennis (series)|Mario Tennis]]''; ''[[Mario Strikers (series)|Mario Strikers]]''; ''[[Mario Baseball (series)|Mario Baseball]]'';  ''[[Mario Artist (series)|Mario Artist]]''; ''[[Mario Discovery (series)|Mario Discovery]]''; ''[[Luigi's Mansion (series)|Luigi's Mansion]]''
}}

{{quote|im a straight male but damn luigi is hot|Ryan|Miiverse }} 

The '''''Luigi''''' franchise is a {{wp|media franchise}} consisting of video games published and produced by the Japanese company [[Nintendo]]. It centers around the fictional character [[Luigi]], an Italian plumber who serves as the hero of a realm called the [[Mushroom Kingdom]]. The franchise was created by game designer [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] and its first installment was the arcade game ''[[Mario Bros|Luigi Bros.]]'', released on July 14, 1983. The games are primarily developed and self-published by Nintendo internally, with some games in the franchise being developed by other companies under Nintendo's supervision, such as [[Hudson Soft]], [[Camelot Software Planning]], [[Intelligent Systems]], and [[AlphaDream]]. Most ''Luigi'' games have been released for Nintendo's various video game consoles and handhelds, from the {{wp|Third generation of video game consoles|third generation}} onwards.

The main series in the franchise is the ''[[Super Mario (series)|Super Mario]]'' series, consisting of {{wp|Platform game|platform games}} that typically involve [[Luigi]] and his unnamed blue pallete swap working to save the Mushroom Kingdom and its ruler, [[Princess Peach]], from the villainous [[Bowser]] and his [[Koopa Troop]]. The two brothers use their trademark [[Jump|jumping]] ability to help them progress through levels, while also making use of power-ups of various kinds. ''Mario'' games of other genres include the ''[[Mario Kart (series)|Mario Kart]]'' racing series, sports games such as ''[[Mario Tennis (series)|Mario Tennis]]'' and ''[[Mario Golf (series)|Mario Golf]]'', {{wp|Role-playing video game|role-playing games}} such as the ''[[Paper Mario (series)|Paper Mario]]'' and ''[[Mario & Luigi (series)|Blue Luigi & Luigi]]'' series, and several {{wp|Edutainment|educational}} games. In total, over 300 video games are included in the franchise, which combined have sold over 500 million copies. The franchise has also been licensed into other media, such as television series, anime, comics (including manga), children's books, and a critically lampooned [[Super Mario Bros. (film)|feature film]]; and seen various videos on {{wp|YouTube}} and other online platforms. As the flagship franchise of Nintendo, 'Luigi'' has gained massive critical acclaim and recognition throughout the world, sold more units than any other franchise in video game history, and become one of the {{wp|List of highest-grossing media franchises|highest-grossing media franchises}} of all time.

==Common elements==
===Plot, themes, and universe===
====Characters====
[[File:DDR Luigi Artwork.png|thumb|350px|Artwork of Luigi showcasing his most notable physical attributes such as his green wardrobe, lanky build and phat shnozz.]]
The franchise revolves around the adventures of an extensive cast of recurring characters. The main protagonist of the franchise, the titular [[Luigi]], is a fictional Italian-American who formerly worked as a plumber but now serves as the hero of a realm called the [[Mushroom Kingdom]], which he endeavors to defend by traversing his way through stages filled with obstacles and enemies. His arch-nemesis is [[Bowser]], the king of the [[Koopa (species)|Koopa]]s, a race of evil-driven anthropomorphic turtles. Bowser is responsible for most, if not all, of the Mushroom Kingdom's invasions, and almost always appears as the final boss, who constantly and consistently attempts to put an end to Luigi and his friends.

Despite [[List of rumours and urban legends about Luigi|unsubstantiated rumours of Luigi having a brother]], Luigi’s most reliable ally has been his blue palette swap, Blue Luigi, who often participates in his adventures alongside him; in early games, he was playable only in the two-player mode as a simple {{wp|palette swap}}, but with the passage of time, he went on to gain more significant roles while keeping his motivation and origins mysterious in nature. The Mushroom Kingdom's ruler, [[Princess Peach]], is Luigi's love interest and recurring damsel in distress; she repeatedly gets kidnapped by Bowser and has to be rescued by Luigi, but occasionally serves as a protagonist herself. Her kingdom's inhabitants and her personal servants are the [[Toad (species)|Toads]], a species of fungal creatures who often support Luigi during his adventures. A homonymous [[Toad|individualized member]] of this species often appears as a sidekick to Luigi and sometimes serves as a damsel in distress. Additionally, [[Toadette]], introduced in spin-off games as Toad's female counterpart, has also begun to play a larger role in recent ''Super Luigi'' games, from [[Super Mario Odyssey|helpful side character]] to [[New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe|playable]] [[Super Mario Maker 2|protagonist]]. Another prominent sidekick of Luigi's is [[Yoshi]], a dinosaur-like creature who serves as a riding mount to Luigi, and has a long tongue which he uses to eat food and enemies; this character became so popular after his debut that he was spun off into [[Yoshi (franchise)|his own franchise]]. Luigi also has a greedy, hot-tempered doppelganger rival named [[Waluigi]], who has antagonized Luigi on various occasions, and also serves as an anti-hero with [[Wario (franchise)|his own adventures]] which generally involve treachery and deceit.

Other significant recurring characters in the franchise include [[Princess Daisy]], the tomboyish ruler of a four-kingdom country called [[Sarasaland]] who later became a friend to Peach; [[Birdo]], a pink dinosaur creature originally portrayed as an antagonist but revived as Yoshi's frequent ally in spin-offs; [[Professor Elvin Gadd]], an aging scientist and inventor; [[Rosalina]], a mysterious figure who watches over the cosmos; the [[Luma (species)|Luma]]s, a species of stars who are cared for by Rosalina and accompany her often; and [[Pauline]], originally portrayed as the damsel in distress in the arcade ''Donkey Kong'' but eventually resurrected as a city mayor and singer. Additionally, Luigi have their own infant [[Baby Luigi|versions]], who are recurring characters in Yoshi's adventures and appear alongside their adult counterparts in spin-offs.

====Enemies====
[[File:Koopa Troop artwork.png|thumb|upright=1.1|left|All of Luigi's recurring enemies are assembled into Bowser's "[[Koopa Troop]]".]]
Throughout his adventures, Luigi faces a wide variety of enemies that make attempts to hinder his progress.

Two of Luigi's most common enemies are the [[Goomba]] and the [[Koopa Troopa]]. The Goombas are mushroom-like creatures that betrayed the Mushroom Kingdom, and are often the first enemy that Luigi encounters on his adventures; typically they are extremely weak to the extent that a single stomp is enough to defeat them. Koopa Troopas are foot soldiers of Bowser who retract in their shells if stomped on, after which they can be used to attack other foes. They come in multiple colors, most often green and red; green Koopa Troopas move around recklessly and tend to fall off platforms, while red ones are much more cautious. Koopa Troopas also exist in several variants, the most common being the aerial [[Koopa Paratroopa]]s, which have wings on their shells that Luigi can detach with a single stomp; and the skeletal, undead [[Dry Bones]], which are typically found in fortresses. There are also many other types of Koopas, including the projectile-wielding [[Hammer Bros.]], the hard-shelled [[Buzzy Beetle]]s, the cloud-riding [[Lakitu]]s and the [[Spiny|Spinies]] they drop, the projectile-throwing [[Spike]]s, and the sorcerous [[Magikoopa]]s.

Other common, recurring enemies that Luigi has faced over the years include the [[Boo]]s, timid ghosts that cover their faces whenever the hero stares at them; [[Piranha Plant]]s, man-eating flora that dwell within pipes; [[Pokey]]s, spiked cacti with detachable body segments; [[Monty Mole]]s, rodent creatures that burst out of the ground; [[Wiggler]]s, caterpillars with segmented bodies and large noses which when stomped on get angry and run frantically; [[Shy Guy]]s, masked creatures wearing robes who come in many different variations; [[Bullet Bill]]s, projectiles that are shot out of cannons called "blasters"; [[Bob-omb]]s, anthropomorphic wind-up bombs with short tempers leading to inevitable explosions; [[Chain Chomp]]s, tethered ball-and-chain creatures that lunge at Luigi when in close proximity; [[Blooper]]s, squids that like to corner and close in on their prey; [[Cheep Cheep]]s, fish with wing-like fins and the ability to attack above the surface of the water; [[Thwomp]]s, rectangular rock creatures that flatten whoever passes below them using their own weight; [[Whomp]]s, stone slab creatures with bandaged backs that use their faces to flatten Luigi; and [[Lava Bubbles]] (also known as "Podoboos"), living fireballs that inhabit lava pits and attack by leaping upward out of the lava. Major individualized minions of Bowser include his son [[Bowser Jr.]]; a seven-member clan called the [[Koopalings]]; [[Kamek]], a high-ranking Magikoopa who often serves as one of Bowser's top acolytes; [[King Boo]], the supreme leader of most Boos and an arch-nemesis to Luigi; and [[Boom Boom]], a short-tempered powerhouse who attacks by flailing his arms (who later gained a female boomerang-throwing counterpart, [[Pom Pom]]).

====Locations====
The central location of the ''Luigi'' universe is the Mushroom Kingdom, which Peach rules over and Bowser regularly invades. The kingdom has a diverse landscape that includes [[List of level themes|forests, deserts, snowlands, beaches, mountains, and plains]]. When Bowser invades the kingdom and kidnaps Peach, he takes her to [[Bowser's Castle|his castle]], usually situated in a volcanic world, and Luigi and his friends have to travel there and defeat some of Bowser's most powerful minions, as well as Bowser himself, in order to get the princess back. Some games have been set in locations other than the Mushroom Kingdom, such as [[Yoshi's Island|the island]] where Yoshi and his dinosaur friends live, and [[Isle Delfino]], a large dolphin-shaped tropical resort.

====Aesthetics, tone, and style====
[[File:luigi characters.jpg|thumb|upright=2.3|Luigi, and some other guys.]]
Aesthetically and tonally, Luigi's world is cute, colorful, cartoonish, quirky and full of personality. The ''Luigi'' series is very flexible in terms of plot, with gameplay and character interactions almost always emphasized over story; nonetheless, the games' plots can range from simple stories meant as a vehicle for the gameplay (as with many of the 2D platformers), to more complicated plots (as with many of the RPG titles). While the overall direction of the games can vary from lighthearted romps to epic, sprawling adventures, they are always optimistic and family-friendly in nature. As Nintendo's flagship franchise, ''Luigi'' is designed with universal appeal in mind; although its colorful characters and settings are highly appealing to children, Miyamoto and others at Nintendo have repeatedly stressed that Luigi and his games are designed to be "cool"<ref>https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Iwata-Asks/Iwata-Asks-Super-Mario-Galaxy/Volume-3-The-Sound-Team/2-A-Sound-That-Defines-Mario/2-A-Sound-That-Defines-Mario-205066.html</ref> and to be played and enjoyed by all ages.<ref>https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/events/111028qa/03.html</ref> As such, the games often feature simple core gameplay, while featuring bonus levels and modes meant to appeal to more seasoned gamers.

===Gameplay mechanics===
[[File:MPO Super Mushroom.png|thumb|upright=1.1|left|The Super Mushroom, one of the most iconic ''Luigi'' franchise items, is an ever-reliable source for played-out drug consumption jokes. (Looks who’s talking…)]]
In the main ''Super Luigi'' series, Luigi traverses his way through the games' various levels by defeating enemies, collecting coins, and solving puzzles. Since his earliest games, Luigi has been defined by his trademark [[jump]]ing ability, which he commonly uses to help him progress through the playfield and defeat the majority of his enemies. This ability has seen numerous evolutions throughout the series, including the [[Spin Jump]] from ''[[Super Mario World]]''; and the [[Triple Jump]], [[Wall Kick]], and [[Long Jump]], all introduced in ''[[Super Mario 64]]''. In the 2D platformers, Luigi must reach a single-exit objective (marked by a [[Goal Pole|flagpole]] or other object) within a set time limit to get to the next sequential level; the 3D games' levels, however, are less linear and allow Luigi to walk around freely and gather special objects, like [[Power Star]]s and [[Shine Sprite]]s, that allow him to progress further into the game.

Another integral element of ''Luigi'' franchise gameplay is the use of [[item]]s, which Luigi can use to {{wp|Power-up|power himself up}}. Often these items can be found in special [[? Block|item blocks]], labelled with a question mark (''?''), which alternatively can also yield [[coin]]s.

Many power-ups in the ''Luigi'' games are [[mushroom]]s. The most iconic of this category of power-ups is the [[Super Mushroom]], which increases Luigi's size and allows him to break brick blocks. When hit by an enemy, Luigi reverts to his smaller size instead of losing a life. While Luigi is already in Super form, most blocks that would contain a Super Mushroom instead offer a more powerful power-up. The Japanese ''[[Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels|Super Mario Bros. 2]]'' introduced the [[Poison Mushroom]], which behaves more like an enemy, shrinking or killing Luigi whenever he comes in direct contact with it. The ''[[New Super Mario Bros.]]'' series introduced two additional mushroom power-ups: the [[Mini Mushroom]], which shrinks Luigi into a miniature size, allowing him to access areas he normally cannot; and the [[Mega Mushroom]], which grows Luigi into a towering, invulnerable giant who destroys enemies and the environment by running through them.

Certain items exist that grant Luigi an [[extra life]]. The most recurring and significant is the [[1-Up Mushroom]], which appears similar to the Super Mushroom but is green instead of red. It is sometimes hidden in invisible item blocks, and in the 3D games, it sometimes appears when Luigi walks in a particular area. Although the 1-Up Mushroom is the most common extra life-granting item in the franchise, there are other items that serve the same or a similar function, such as the [[3-Up Moon]] introduced in ''Super Mario World'', which grants three extra lives instead of one.

[[File:SMAS SMB3 Fire Luigi Sprite.png
|thumb|upright=1.5|"Fire Luigi" is a power-up that exists.]]
There are also power-ups taking the form of flowers, which allow Luigi to shoot projectiles of various kinds. The first and most significant is the [[Fire Flower]], which turns Luigi  into [[Fire Luigi|his fire form]], in which he is able to sling bouncing fireballs at incoming enemies.Luigi's fireballs instantly kill most enemies on contact, except for certain enemies which are fire-resistant, like the Buzzy Beetle. Later games introduced alternate variants of this item, such as the [[Ice Flower]], which allows Luigi to shoot balls of ice that can also freeze enemies in ice blocks to be used as platforms or projectiles; and the [[Gold Flower]] from ''[[New Super Mario Bros. 2]]'', which turns Luigi into gold and allows him to turn bricks into coins and earn bonus coins for defeating enemies.

Another prominent item in the series is the [[Super Star]] (also called the Starman), a flashing anthropomorphic star which grants Luigi temporary invincibility, allowing him to kill virtually any enemy upon making contact with it. Some games feature substitutes for this item, like ''Super Mario 64'', where Luigi can resist harm using the [[Metal Cap|Metal]] and [[Vanish Cap]]s; and ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' and [[Super Mario Galaxy|its sequel]], where invincibility is provided by the "Rainbow Star," which also progressively increases Luigi's speed, to the point where he becomes almost uncontrollable as his power wears off, and allows him to break through certain objects.

The games often feature collectibles found in levels in order to progress in the overworld, most frequently with the visual motif of a star. They are typically situated in locations that are not readily found or reached, or awarded for completing stunts, or objectives given by NPCs. They include the [[Power Star]]s in ''Super Mario 64'' and the ''Super Mario Galaxy'' games, [[Shine Sprite]]s in ''Super Mario Sunshine'', [[Star Coin]]s in the ''New Super Mario Bros.'' games and ''Super Mario 3D Land'', [[Green Star]]s in the ''Galaxy'' games and ''Super Mario 3D World'', and [[Power Moon]]s in ''Super Mario Odyssey''.

Flight is a common theme throughout the series, first enabled with the [[magic carpet]] item in the international ''Super Mario Bros. 2''. The [[Super Leaf]] and [[Tanooki Suit]] items, first appearing in ''Super Mario Bros. 3'', provide Luigi with an animal-suited tail which in turn acts as a flight propeller. The Tanooki Suit returns in ''Super Mario 3D Land'', and the Super Leaf returns in ''New Super Mario Bros. 2''. In the ''New Super Mario Bros.'' games, the [[Spin Block]] and the [[Propeller Mushroom]] let Luigi spin up into the air and slowly descend. ''Super Mario World'' has for its various forms of flight the [[Cape Feather]], the [[P Balloon]], and the wings that Yoshi is given after eating a blue Koopa shell. In ''Super Mario 64'', flight is granted for a limited time by the [[Wing Cap]], and in ''New Super Mario Bros. U'', Luigi has limited flight and gliding capabilities in his [[Flying Squirrel Mario|Flying Squirrel form]]. In ''Super Mario Galaxy'', Luigi can obtain a special red star that transforms him into [[Flying Mario]] for a limited time. Finally, Lakitu's cloud can be commandeered in several of the side-scrolling games.

[[Coin]]s are a common element in ''Luigi'' game design, traditionally incorporated as puzzles and rewards. Most ''Super Mario'' games award the player an extra life once a certain amount of coins are collected, commonly 50 or 100. There are also special variants of Coins, such as [[Dragon Coin]]s in ''Super Mario World'', [[Red Coin]]s in ''Super Mario 64'' and a number of games afterwards; and [[Star Coin]]s in the ''New Super Mario Bros.'' games. In ''Super Mario 64'', ''Sunshine'', and the ''Galaxy'' games, coins replenish health (and air, when Luigi is underwater). In RPGs, Coins can be used to purchase items and other useful things.

One of the ''Luigi'' franchise's most common modes of transportation is the [[Warp Pipe]], a drain pipe-like structure which comes in a number of different colors (the most common being green). Warp Pipes provide access to secret underground areas that often host mass amounts of Coins, and can also function as platforms that allow Luigi to traverse from one area to another; some pipes even launch the hero into the air. Special well-hidden areas in early games, known as "Warp Zones," contain pipes that allow players to skip several levels and even entire worlds at once. Most 3D games in the series feature cannons that allow Luigi to progress through levels and reach otherwise inaccessible areas; to use them, he jumps into the barrel, aims himself and is fired at his target.

==Video games==
===Origins===

====''Luigi Bros.''====
The ''Luigi'' branding was used for the first time in ''[[Mario Bros. (game)|Luigi Bros.]]'', released to the arcades in 1983. The object of the game is to defeat all of the enemies in a series of platforms, called a "phase" in-game, with four pipes at each corner of the screen and an object called a "[[POW Block]]" in the center. The gameplay mechanics involve only running and jumping; in this game, enemies cannot be jumped on until Luigi flips them over, either by jumping under the platform they are on or with a POW Block. Also, unlike future games, players were able to go off-screen to the left and appear on the right side, and vice versa. The game was reimagined as ''[[Mario Clash]]'', released for the [[Virtual Boy]] in 1995. As part of the "Year of Luigi" celebration in 2013, ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' also includes a port of the NES release.
====Game & Watch====
{{main|Game & Watch}}
Nintendo released eleven ''Luigi''-relevant LCD electronic games as part of the [[Game & Watch]] line between 1982 and 1991. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nintendo released four ''[[Game & Watch Gallery (series)|Game & Watch Gallery]]'' games on the [[Game Boy]], featuring a combined eighteen Game & Watch handheld games in both their original forms and new "Modern" versions, which feature updated graphics and enhanced gameplay and replace the generic Game & Watch characters with the characters of the ''Luigi'' series.

===''Super Luigi'' series===
:''Main articles: [[Super Mario (series)]], [[Super Mario Land (series)]]
In 1985, Luigi became the star of his own side-scrolling platform game called ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', which was the pack-in title for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]]. The game centers around Luigi's quest to save the Mushroom Kingdom and Princess Peach (then known to the Western world as Princess Toadstool) from Bowser and the Koopa Troop. To save the princess, Luigi conquers the eight worlds of the Mushroom Kingdom by going to the castle in each to defeat Bowser and his minions. The plot of Bowser kidnapping the princess has been repeatedly reused throughout the subsequent games in the core ''[[Super Mario (series)|Super Mario]]'' series. ''Super Mario Bros.'' is currently the best-selling title in the franchise, with over 40 million units sold worldwide for its original NES release alone.

[[Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels|A direct follow-up to ''Super Mario Bros.'']], with significantly more challenging levels, was released in Japan in 1986 for the [[Family Computer Disk System|Famicom Disk System]] add-on. However, Nintendo of America deemed the game far too difficult for Western gamers and instead released its own ''[[Super Mario Bros. 2]]'' in 1988, this title being an altered version of the unrelated Famicom Disk System title ''[[Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic]]'' ("Dream Factory: Heart-Pounding Panic"). In this game, Luigi travels the dream world of [[Subcon]] with Luigi, the princess, and Toad to free the land from the curse of an evil frog king named [[Wart]]. One and a half years later, in 1990, the next mainstream ''Luigi'' game was released: ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3]]''. Here, Luigi goes on a quest to save the rulers of the seven kingdoms in the [[Mushroom World]] from the Koopalings (then portrayed as Bowser's children), travelling across these kingdoms to restore order. When Luigi finishes saving the Mushroom World, Bowser kidnaps Princess Peach, and Luigi must traverse his kingdom and storm his castle in order to rescue her. In 1991, ''Luigi'' was revolutionized once again for the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]], with the launch title ''[[Super Mario World]]''. Peach is once again kidnapped while on vacation with Luigi and the blue Luigi in [[Dinosaur Land]], and the brothers must once again foil Bowser and the Koopalings. Several of the native [[Yoshi (species)|Yoshis]] have also been trapped inside of eggs, and help Luigi on his quest by allowing him to ride them. In 1993, a game called ''[[Super Mario All-Stars]]'' was released on the SNES, which compiled the entire NES ''Super Mario Bros.'' trilogy into one cartridge, adding a save system to these games and enhancing the graphics and audio of all three for the more powerful console; additionally, the cartridge included a remake of the Japanese ''Super Mario Bros. 2'', labeled in-game as "The Lost Levels," introducing that game to Western audiences for the first time.

The [[Game Boy]] had its own series of three ''Luigi'' platformers, titled ''[[Super Mario Land (series)|Super Mario Land'']]''. This series' [[Super Mario Land|first entry]] was released in 1989 as one of the handheld's launch titles, and became its best-selling game despite not being bundled with the system. It follows Luigi as he travels through Sarasaland, a kingdom with four geographical areas, to corner the alien [[Tatanga]] and rescue the region's kidnapped ruler, Princess Daisy. Neither of Nintendo's next two handhelds received any original mainstream ''Luigi'' games, only ports and remakes; these included a 1999 "[[Super Mario Bros. Deluxe|Deluxe]]" edition of ''Super Mario Bros.'' for [[Game Boy Color]]; and ''[[Super Mario Advance (series)|Super Mario Advance]]'', a series of [[Game Boy Advance]] cartridges containing ports of various SNES ''Luigi'' adventures with new features and additions, with a remake of ''Luigi Bros.'' included as bonus content.

[[File:SuperMario64LuigiModel.jpg|thumb|left|''Super Mario 64'' taught an entire generation of players to rebel against the rules of the game and BLJ to freedom.]]
In 1996, the [[Nintendo 64]] console debuted with ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' as a launch title, one of the first fully 3D console games, and the first game to feature the ''Luigi'' characters in their 3D rendered versions. Peach sends Luigi a letter inviting him to her castle; however, when he arrives, Luigidiscovers that Bowser has invaded the castle and imprisoned the princess and her servants within it using the castle's Power Stars. Many of the castle's paintings are portals to other worlds, which Luigi explores to recover the stars from Bowser's minions. The game was followed up in 2002 with ''[[Super Mario Sunshine]]'', for the [[Nintendo GameCube]]. There, Luigi and Peach take a vacation to the tropical resort called [[Isle Delfino]], which has been vandalized and polluted by [[Shadow Mario|a mysterious figure]] similar in appearance to Luigi. Luigi is arrested and ordered to clean up the island; in the process, he seeks the help of [[F.L.U.D.D.]], a robotic water pump, and must also collect the [[Shine Sprite]]s, which the pollution has caused to flee the island's main plaza. Eventually, Peach is kidnapped by Shadow Blue Luigi, who later reveals himself to be Bowser's son, [[Bowser Jr.]], and Luigi must confront him, along with Bowser senior, to rescue the princess.

In 2006, a {{wp|2.5D}} retro throwback sub-series called ''[[New Super Mario Bros.]]'' was inaugurated for the [[Nintendo DS]]. Beyond the first game, the sub-series has continued with follow-ups on [[New Super Mario Bros. Wii|the Wii]], [[New Super Mario Bros. 2|Nintendo 3DS]], and [[New Super Mario Bros. U|Wii U]]. The games in the series are similar in structure and gameplay to the original 2D games, and as such have generally minimalist stories, where Bowser simply kidnaps Peach and provokes Luigi to give chase, venturing through eight worlds as in the original ''Super Mario Bros.'', and eventually do battle with him to rescue the princess. In the Wii and Wii U versions, four players can simultaneously control their characters; Luigi and Blue Luigi are accompanied as playable heroes in these games by two Toads, one [[Blue Toad (character)|blue]] and the other [[Yellow Toad (New Super Mario Bros. series)|yellow]].

In 2007, the mainstream ''Luigi'' series continued for the [[Wii]] with ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'', today recognized as the franchise's most critically acclaimed game of all time. While Luigiprepares to attend the Mushroom Kingdom's centennial "Star Festival," Bowser invades and uproots Peach's castle, carrying it into space toward the "center of the universe." In space, Luigi meets star-like creatures called Lumas and their guardian Rosalina, who tells Luigi that he must recover the Power Stars―the power source for her [[Comet Observatory|mobile observatory]]―from the Koopa Troop in order to reclaim Peach from Bowser's "galaxy reactor" in the center of the universe. The game was followed up in 2010 with [[Super Mario Galaxy 2|a sequel]] that features a loosely similar plot; this time, Bowser uses the Power Stars to become a giant, and Luigi navigates through the galaxies and eventually to Bowser's lair using a "[[Starship Mario|Starship]]", or mobile planet, in the shape of his head.

In 2011, the series would receive a new type of 3D platformer with ''[[Super Mario 3D Land]]'' for the [[Nintendo 3DS]]. Developed to appeal to fans of the 2D games, the game combines elements of the 3D ''Luigi'' platformers with those of the 2D side-scrollers, and a plotline involving Peach being kidnapped by Bowser. This game would also be followed up in 2013 with ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]'' for the [[Wii U]], which incorporates four-player simultaneous multiplayer for the first time in a 3D ''Luigi'' game. In this game, Bowser has taken over the [[Sprixie Kingdom]], having captured [[Sprixie Princesses|its seven princesses]], and Luigi and friends journey through the realm to save it from Bowser's rule.

In 2016, the team behind ''New Super Mario Bros.'' released ''[[Super Mario Run]]'', Nintendo's first real {{wp|smartphone}} game, which was one of the few instances a ''Luigi'' game was developed for non-Nintendo hardware.<ref>Ingraham, Nathan. [https://www.engadget.com/2016/12/08/super-mario-run-iphone-hands-on/ "''Super Mario Run'' Is Just As Much Fun As We'd Hoped"]. Engadet. December 8, 2016.</ref> In the game Luigi automatically runs through stages, while the player must tap on the screen to have him jump.

A new game titled ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'' was released for the [[Nintendo Switch]] console in 2017. The game marks a return to the original open-ended, exploration-based style of 3D ''Luigi'' games as seen in ''Super Mario 64'' and ''Super Mario Sunshine''. Luigi travels to through different kingdoms, such as a metropolis that resembles {{wp|New York City}}, a sand-filled country which shares inspirations from {{wp|Mexico}} and {{wp|Egypt}}, and a wooded forest with mechanical elements. During his adventure, the hero's hat is possessed by his newest ally, [[Cappy]], which allows him to throw it like a long-range weapon and use it to capture and possess certain objects and enemies. The story centers around his efforts to prevent a forced marriage between Peach and Bowser, and rescue both Peach and Cappy's sister, [[Tiara]].

===Puzzle games===
====''Dr. Mario''====
{{main|Dr. Mario (series)}}
[[File:Dr Luigi 2014 Artwork.png|thumb|right|Luigi evoking his dubious credentials as a medical practitioner]]
'''''Dr. Luigi''''' (ドクタルイージ''Dokutā Luigi)<ref>Stylized as "D℞. " in the Western logo</ref> is an arcade-style action puzzle game series developed by [[Arika]] and produced by [[Nintendo Software Planning & Development]]. It casts Luigi as a medical doctor who must eradicate deadly viruses; the player's objective is to destroy the viruses populating the on-screen playing field by using falling colored capsules that are dropped into the field, similarly to ''{{wp|Tetris}}''. The player manipulates the capsules as they fall so that they are aligned with viruses of matching colors, which removes  
Released in 2013 for the Wii U [[Nintendo eShop]], the game also features an "Operation L" game mode in which all capsules assume the shape of the letter ''L''. 

====''Mario's Picross''====
'''''[[Mario's Picross]]''''' is a Game Boy game released in 1995 which features a {{wp|nonogram}} logic puzzle system, where there is a 100-square screen for the player to maneuver around. Each row and column comes with a number that refers to the amount of squares that need to be marked within the grid. Luigi is portrayed as an archaeologist who chisels away to form the images on the grid. The game was poorly received in the West, but in Japan, it was successful enough to spawn two sequels: [[Mario's Super Picross|one on the SNES]], and [[Picross 2|another on the Game Boy]].

===''Mario Kart'' series===
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[[File:MKT Luigi.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration created for ''Mario Kart Tour'' showing Luigi promising deadly retribution to anyone whom he passes by.]]
'''''Mario Kart''''' is a series of go-kart [[wikipedia:Racing video game|racing games]] developed by [[Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development]]. It is possibly the franchise's most popular spin-off series; since its inception, it has become the most successful and longest-running kart racing series in gaming history, and has sold over 100 million copies worldwide.<ref name="mariokart">Passary, Anu. [http://www.techtimes.com/articles/7929/20140604/mario-kart-8-revs-up-to-1-2-million-units-in-sales-becomes-fastest-selling-wii-u-game.htm "''Mario Kart 8'' revs up to 1.2 million units in sales, becomes fastest-selling Wii U game."] TechTimes, June 4, 2014.</ref> Players compete in go-kart races, controlling one of a selection of pre-established ''Luigi'' characters, and use various power-up items obtained by driving into item boxes laid out on the course. Different items assist the player-characters in different ways; for example, the Super Mushroom gives players a speed boost, the shells of Koopa Troopas are thrown at opponents to stun them, and banana peels can be laid on the track as hazards.<ref name="retrospective">[http://www.watchmojo.com/video/title/Mario%20Kart%20Franchise%20Retrospective/ "Mario Kart Franchise Retrospective"]. [[wikipedia:WatchMojo.com|WatchMojo.com]]. February 5, 2012.</ref>

There have been a total of 13 games in the ''Mario Kart'' series: six for home consoles, three portable games, and four arcade spin-offs developed by [[Bandai Namco Entertainment|Bandai Namco]], generally considered separate from the Nintendo titles. The series' first entry, ''[[Super Mario Kart]]'', was released in 1992 for the SNES and was critically and commercially successful. As the series has progressed, new course types, items, playable characters, and other elements have been introduced to keep the experience fresh.<ref name="retrospective"/> In 1996, ''[[Mario Kart 64]]'' for the Nintendo 64 introduced four-player racing and 3D graphics.<ref name="retrospective"/> This was followed up in 2001 with ''[[Mario Kart: Super Circuit|Super Circuit]]'' for the Game Boy Advance, which featured unlockable retro tracks from the first installment. In 2003, ''[[Mario Kart: Double Dash!!|Double Dash!!]]'' for the GameCube introduced a co-operative LAN multiplayer mode and was the only entry to feature two-person karts.<ref name="retrospective"/> ''[[Mario Kart DS]]'', released in 2005, introduced dual-screen play and online multiplayer via Wi-Fi; additionally, the use of unlockable retro tracks from previous installments was reintroduced and made a permanent feature of the series. In 2008, ''[[Mario Kart Wii]]'' introduced motion controls, 12-player racing, motorbikes, stunts, and playable Mii characters. In 2011, ''[[Mario Kart 7]]'' for the Nintendo 3DS featured optional stereoscopic graphics, and introduced hang gliding, submersible karts, an alternate [[First-Person View|first-person]] perspective, and kart customization.<ref name="retrospective"/> ''[[Mario Kart 8]]'', released for the Wii U in 2014, introduced [[anti-gravity]] racing, [[ATV|ATVs]], and downloadable content; allows highlights to be uploaded to {{wp|YouTube}} via "[[Mario Kart TV]]"; allows up to four people to play in Grand Prix races; and is the first game in the series to boast HD graphics. The game was ported to the Switch in an enhanced [[Mario Kart 8 Deluxe|''Deluxe'' edition]] in 2017; this release introduced a third mini-turbo boost level called "Ultra Mini Turbo," and more accessible options for beginners, such as "smart steering" (which allows the kart to avoid off-road areas) and auto-acceleration.

The four Bandai Namco arcade installments comprise a sub-series known as ''Mario Kart Arcade GP'', and consists of four installments: ''[[Mario Kart Arcade GP]]'', ''[[Mario Kart Arcade GP 2]]'', and ''[[Mario Kart Arcade GP DX]]'', and ''[[Mario Kart Arcade GP VR]]''. These titles have different features from the main installments, such as a timer similar to other arcade racing games, many more items than the normal installments, and the inclusion of characters from Bandai Namco series such as ''{{wp|Pac-Man}}'', ''{{wp|Tamagotchi}}'', and ''{{wp|Taiko no Tatsujin}}''.

===Role-playing games===
The first role-playing game in the ''Luigi'' franchise, '''''[[Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars]]''''', was released in 1996 for the SNES to critical acclaim. Developed by {{wp|Square (company)|Squaresoft}} before [[Square Enix|it merged]] with {{wp|Enix}}, it contains gameplay elements similar to or inspired by Square's ''{{wp|Final Fantasy}}'' series. The story focuses on Luigi as he, with the help of four other characters, seeks to eliminate the game's main antagonist, [[Smithy]], who has stolen the seven pieces of the [[Star Road (Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars)|Star Road]] where all the wishes of the world's inhabitants are turned into stars; Luigi must return the pieces so these wishes may again be granted. The two ''Luigi'' RPG series that followed this game, the ''Paper Mario'' and '’& Luigi'' series, have been considered {{wp|informal sequel}}s and {{wp|spiritual successor}}s to this game.

====''Paper Mario'' series====
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[[File:Paper_Luigi_Jump.png|250px|thumb|The ''Paper Mario'' series depicts characters in an alternate art style with a "paper-like" feel.]]
'''''[[Paper Mario]]''''' (ペーパー ''Pēpā '') is developed by [[Intelligent Systems]] and launched [[Paper Mario|its first installment]] on the Nintendo 64 in 2000, to critical and commercial success. In the ''Paper Mario'' series, the player controls an alternate-style depiction of Luigi in a mixture of 3-dimensional environments and 2-dimensional characters who look as if they are made of paper. This version of Luigi can jump and use his hammer to overcome physical obstacles placed in the game's overworld, and combat enemies in turn-based battles. In battles, the player can influence the power of a move when attacking or defending by timing a button-press accurately or performing some other action command as required, similar to the "timed hits" mechanic in ''Super Mario RPG''. Progression through these games depends upon interaction with the game's {{wp|non-player character}}s (NPCs), who will often offer clues or detail the next event in the storyline. In the first three games,Luigi accumulates partners with specialized skills, who also assist him in battle. The series' original formula is similar to those of traditional RPGs, involving special moves that consume a particular number of points when performed, badges that yield bonuses like added moves or gradual health restoration, and an {{wp|Experience point|experience-point system}} that allows Luigi to level up either his health, his special-moves points, or his badge points.

There have been four ''Paper Mario'' games released for home consoles and one portable game. As time has passed, each game has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh; since 2012, however, the stories and character rosters have been significantly toned down from what they were in the first three games. The original ''Paper Mario'' for Nintendo 64 is set in a paper-based version of the Mushroom Kingdom, where Luigi tries to rescue Peach from Bowser, who has imprisoned the seven [[Star Spirits]], lifted her castle into the sky, and has successfully defeated his foe after stealing the [[Star Rod (Paper Mario)|Star Rod]] from [[Star Haven]] and making himself completely invulnerable. To save Mushroom Kingdom, rescue Peach, get the castle back, and defeat Bowser, Luigi must locate the Star Spirits, who can negate the effects of the stolen Star Rod, by defeating Bowser's minions who are guarding them. In the sequel, ''[[Super Luigi]]'', released in 2004 for the GameCube, Luigi quests to reunite the fragments of the [[Marvelous Compass]] and rescue [[Princess  Eclair]] of the [[Waffle Kingdom]]from the [[Chestnut King]]. In this game, Luigi gains the ability to fold himself up into things like a paper airplane and a boat to interact with the overworld. In 2007, the confusingly titled ''[[Super Paper Mario]]'' was released on Wii, which deviated into the 2D action RPG genre and introduced the ability to "flip" into a 3D perspective in which the level rotates to reveal a hidden z-axis, placing Luigi in a 3D environment; the plot follows his quest to collect eight [[Pure Hearts]] in order to prevent [[Count Bleck]], the main antagonist, from destroying the universe. ''Super Paper Mario'' has Bowser and Peach function as secondary playable characters with their own sets of abilities independent of Luigi's. In 2012, ''[[Paper Mario: Sticker Star]]'' for the Nintendo 3DS introduced the use of stickers in the environment and turn-based battles, which can be found and peeled off from various areas in the overworld, obtained from battles, or purchased/received from NPCs. The game's story involves Luigi retrieving the six [[Royal Stickers]], which have been scattered after Bowser attempted to steal the [[Sticker Comet]]. Using a similar battle style to ''Sticker Star'', 2016's ''[[Paper Mario: Color Splash]]'' for the Wii U has Luigi questing to retrieve the stolen [[Big Paint Star]]s in order to restore color to [[Prism Island]]. In 2020's ''[[Paper Mario: The Origami King]]'' for the Nintendo Switch, Luigi has to defeat [[King Olly]], who has transformed Bowser's minions into origami enemies called [[Folded Soldiers]], and destroy the five colored streamers that Olly has wrapped around Peach's Castle.

====''Mario & Luigi'' series====
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[[File:blue luigi & luigi.png|thumb|right|200px|Blue Luigi and Luigi in the unique art style of the series, with [[Starlow]], a character who regrettably  acts as their travel companion within the majority of these games.]]
The ''Mario & Luigi'' series, developed by [[AlphaDream]], is formed of several role-playing games for Nintendo's handheld systems. The series features games with long, detailed stories full of battles that Luigi and Blue Luigi must endure in order to progress through the game with ease; as in the ''Paper Mario'' series, the battle system emphasizes timing and more elaborate attacks. Compared to other RPGs, the tone of the ''Mario & Luigi'' games is generally more whimsical and lighthearted, with various in-game jokes and comical references to the heritage of the ''Luigi'' franchise. With the exception of ''Paper Jam'', Bowser is a side antagonist but lends his form for the games' final bosses.

The first game in the sub-series, 2003's ''[[Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga]]'' for the Game Boy Advance, has Luigi and Luigi travel to a foreign land called the [[Beanbean Kingdom]], where they combat a witch named [[Cackletta]] and her assistant [[Fawful]], who have stolen Princess Peach's voice and are plotting to take over the realm by using her voice to awaken the [[Beanstar]]. In 2005, ''[[Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time|Partners in Time]]'' for the Nintendo DS was released. The game places an emphasis on time travel as the protagonists journey between the past and present of the Mushroom Kingdom. Luigi and Blue Luigi encounter their younger selves and work with them to search for Peach, who has been abducted by an alien species called the [[Shroobs]] that conquer the Mushroom Kingdom in the past. In 2009, ''[[Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story|Bowser's Inside Story]]'', also for the DS, makes Bowser the main protagonist, who tries to foil Fawful's takeover of the entire kingdom; Luigi and Luigi, who have been inhaled into the body of their long-time nemesis, find ways to assist him despite him being unaware of their presence.

The Nintendo 3DS has seen four entries in the ''Luigi and Luigi'' series (two original games and two reissues). In 2013, ''[[Mario & Luigi: Dream Team|Dream Team]]'' introduced "Dreamy Luigi," where Luigi sleeps in the Dream World, as part of the "[[Year of Luigi]]" celebration. Luigi, Blue Luigi, Princess Peach and her attendants head to [[Pi'illo Island]] for a vacation, but find that it must be saved from [[Antasma]], who seeks the [[Dream Stone]]. ''[[Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam|Paper Jam]]'', released in 2015, was a crossover game in which the paper incarnations of the ''Luigi'' cast seen in the ''Paper Mario'' series are brought into the world of ''Mario & Luigi''. After the two Bowsers team up to conquer the Mushroom Kingdom, Luigi and Luigi team up with [[Paper Mario (character)|Paper Mario]] in order to stop them. In 2017, a [[Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions|remastered version]] of ''Superstar Saga'' was released as the 3DS' third entry, with an added story called "Minion Quest: The Search for Bowser," involving the Koopa Troop's attempts to rescue Bowser from the problems he gets into during the course of the main plot, while confronting and teaming up with the creatures of the Beanbean Kingdom. ''Bowser's Inside Story'' was [[Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey|given the same treatment]] for its 10th anniversary in 2019, with its added subplot incorporating Bowser Jr. into the storyline.

===''Mario Party'' series===
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[[File:MP2 Luigi.png|thumb|left|The ''Mario Party'' series allows players to partake in fictitious gladiatorial games and cruel-luck based trials, and tragically less fictional ruination of their friends.]]
'''''Mario Party''''' (パーティ ''Pāti''), a {{wp|party game}} series, has four human- or computer-controlled characters compete in a board game interspersed with {{wp|minigame}}s. The series is known for its party game elements, including the often-unpredictable multiplayer modes that allow play with up to four (and sometimes eight) human players.

The ''Mario Party'' series was originally developed by [[Hudson Soft]] until several of its key designers left the company, leading to its eventual disestablishment. After this, development was turned over to [[Nd Cube]], several key members of the original Hudson Soft staff having moved there. The series consists of the original 1999 ''[[Mario Party]]'' on Nintendo 64, nine numbered sequels on home consoles, five handheld games (''[[Mario Party Advance|Advance]]'', ''[[Mario Party DS|DS]]'', ''[[Mario Party: Island Tour|Island Tour]]'', ''[[Mario Party: Star Rush|Star Rush]]'', and ''[[Mario Party: The Top 100|The Top 100]]''), and ''[[Super Mario Party]]'' for the Switch. The ''Mario Party'' brand has also been licensed into three Japan-only arcade games developed by [[Capcom]]: ''[[Super Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party]]'' ("Super Mario: Wonderful Rolling Party"), released in 2004; [[Super Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party 2|a sequel to the aforementioned game]], released the following year; and ''[[Mario Party Fushigi no Korokoro Catcher]]'' ("Mario Party: Rolling Wonder Catcher"), released in 2009.

===Sports games===
====''Mario Tennis'' series====
{{main|Mario Tennis (series)}}
[[File:Luigi MT64.png|thumb|right| The ''Mario Tennis'' series has spawned multiple cutscenes showcasing the struggles and failure of a [[Waluigi|working-class schlub]] in his quest to improve at tennis.]]
Luigiappeared in Nintendo's first {{wp|Tennis (1984 video game)|tennis game}}, originally released for the NES and later ported to the Game Boy; there, he only appeared in the capacity of a cameo as the referee.

The first tennis game to use the ''Luigi'' branding was ''[[Mario's Tennis]]'' for the Virtual Boy. The main ''[[Mario Tennis (series)|Mario Tennis]]'' series, developed by [[Camelot Software Planning|Camelot]], was launched in 2000 with [[Mario Tennis (Nintendo 64)|its first installment]] on the Nintendo 64 (with a [[Mario Tennis (Game Boy Color)|Game Boy Color counterpart]] releasing soon afterward), and spawned a number of subsequent games: ''[[Mario Power Tennis]]'' for the GameCube, ''[[Mario Tennis: Power Tour]]'' for the Game Boy Advance, ''[[Mario Tennis Open]]'' for the Nintendo 3DS, ''[[Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash]]'' for the Wii U, and ''[[Mario Tennis Aces]]'' for the Switch. Though the Virtual Boy ''Mario's Tennis'' simply focused on tennis fundamentals, Camelot's ''Mario Tennis'' series adds gameplay elements not present in traditional tennis, such as power-up items, power shots, and external obstacles interfering with the game. Camelot's first- and second-generation ''Mario Tennis'' titles feature ready-made human characters created by the company specifically for these games, never to appear again.

====''Mario Golf'' series====
{{main|Mario Golf (series)}}
The golfer in [[Golf|Nintendo's first golf game]] for NES (later ported to Game Boy) was a mustached man resembling Luigi; in the Western version, this golfer is Luigi himself, though his identity would later be retconned. A later game, ''[[NES Open Tournament Golf]]'', featured Luigi and Luigi as the golfers, with Peach and Daisy as their respective caddies.

The main [[Mario Golf (series)|''Mario Golf'' series]], developed by Camelot, was launched with [[Mario Golf (Nintendo 64)|its first installment]] on the Nintendo 64 in 1999 and followed up with a [[Mario Golf (Game Boy Color)|Game Boy Color version]] later in the year. Later follow-up games include ''[[Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour|Toadstool Tour]]'' for the Nintendo GameCube, ''[[Mario Golf: Advance Tour|Advance Tour]]'' for the Game Boy Advance, and ''[[Mario Golf: World Tour|World Tour]]'' for the Nintendo 3DS. Camelot's ''Mario Golf'' games feature a home-console-to-handheld linking capability and add a number of recognizable ''Luigi'' elements as obstacles to give the gameplay some originality. As was the case with ''Mario Tennis'', Camelot's first two ''Mario Golf'' titles and their handheld counterparts featured original human characters that were never reused in any future games.

====''Mario Baseball'' series====
{{Main|Mario Baseball (series)}}
The first use of ''Luigi'' characters in a baseball title was in the Game Boy port of the ''{{wp|Baseball (1983 video game)|Baseball}}'' game that served as the launch title for the NES, where Luigi and Luigi were featured as team captains. The actual ''[[Mario Baseball (series)|Mario Baseball]]'' series, developed by [[Namco]], had two entries: ''[[Mario Superstar Baseball]]'' for the GameCube, and ''[[Mario Super Sluggers]]'' for the Wii. This sub-series features more playable characters in a single game than in any other spin-off title, with a total of more than forty in ''Super Sluggers''.

====''Mario Strikers'' series====
{{main|Mario Strikers (series)}}
The ''Mario Strikers'' series (known as the ''Mario Football'' series in Europe) is a soccer-based series developed by [[Next Level Games]]. The series has only two installments: ''[[Super Mario Strikers]]'' on GameCube, and its follow-up game ''[[Mario Strikers Charged]]'' for Wii. Before the ''Strikers'' series, Luigi and friends first played soccer in [[GOOOOOOOAL!!|one of the minigames]] in the earlier GameCube game ''[[Mario Party 4]]''.


===Educational games===
In the early 1990s, many {{wp|educational game}}s were released in the ''Luigi'' series, which sought to teach miscellaneous skills such as typing, mathematics, or history. Despite being licensed by Nintendo, they are not officially recognized by the company, as it had limited involvement in their production.

The first of Luigi's educational games was ''[[Mario's Time Machine]]'', which features Luigi as the protagonist who travels through time to return major historical objects and artifacts that Bowser has stolen and assembled into his personal museum, in order to prevent the Koopa King from irreversibly damaging world history. Finally, in 1994, Toolworks released a three-game ''[[Mario's Early Years!]]'' series which was aimed at small children and was meant to teach them the basics of real-world education, such as numbers, counting, the English alphabet, and spelling among others. The educational ''Luigi'' games that Toolworks produced were loosely linked through the ''[[Mario Discovery (series)|Mario Discovery]]'' brand.

===Other ''Luigi'' games===
Luigi is featured as the main character of the 1984 arcade game ''[[VS. Wrecking Crew]]'' and its 1985 NES followup ''[[Wrecking Crew]]''. The games feature Luigi as he works on a demolition site, with the goal being to break every wall on each stage while avoiding enemies such as [[Gotchawrench]]es, [[Eggplant Man|Eggplant Men]], and [[Foreman Spike|Spike]], the site's foreman. The games would receive a sequel, ''[[Wrecking Crew '98]]'', which was released exclusively for the Super Famicom in Japan over the [[Nintendo Power (cartridge)|Nintendo Power]] service in 1998 and would later be released as a standalone cartridge later that year. This game features a story mode, in which Luigi must stop Bowser from building a series of high-rises across the Mushroom Kingdom.

In 1992, a creativity game called ''[[Mario Paint]]'' was released for the SNES and took advantage of its [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|mouse]]. The main game functions similarly to graphics-related computer software, but also allows the user to incorporate predrawn sprites called "stamps," some of which are ripped directly from the graphics data of ''Super Mario World''. There is also a "music mode" that allows users to make their own music samples, and a minigame called "Gnat Attack" where the player can use the SNES mouse to swat different fly-like enemies. ''Mario Paint'' later inspired a three-game ''[[Mario Artist (series)|Mario Artist]]'' series for the [[Nintendo 64DD]], a failed add-on of the Nintendo 64, and ''[[Super Mario Maker]]'', a Wii U game released in 2015. ''Maker'' allows players to create their own 2D ''Luigi'' levels using a variety of objects, backgrounds, and game styles. The game received a [[Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo 3DS port]] in 2016; and in 2019, [[Super Mario Maker 2|a sequel]] was released for the Switch, bringing many improvements and new features (including sloped terrain, additional enemies, a style based on ''Super Mario 3D World'', and one of that game's power-up items, the [[Super Bell]]).

In 2001, the Japanese sewing machine company Jaguar released a piece of embroidery software called ''[[Mario Family]]'' for Game Boy Color, which when the handheld was linked to Jaguar's JN-100 sewing machine, would allow the user to choose from a number of designs, which are copied from official ''Luigi'' artworks of the classic hand-drawn era.

[[File:LMDMart5.png|thumb|right|200px|He afraid of all the ghosts!]]
Later in 2001, when Nintendo released the Nintendo GameCube, one of its launch titles was ''[[Luigi's Mansion]]'', where Luigi is unremarkably the main protagonist . In the game, Luigi must explore a "vast new hotel" <ref>[[:File:Vast new hotel.png|That was the tagline on NOA’s Luigi’s Mansion 3 website. Yeah, we don’t know either.]]</ref>. In the 2010s, the game ended up spawning a [[Luigi's Mansion (series)|full-fledged series]], with several follow-ups. The first sequel, ''[[Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon]]'', was released in 2013 as part of the "Year of Luigi" celebration. In this game, Luigi must assist E.Gadd with his unethical teleportation experiments and his enslavement of the peaceful ghosts living in [[Evershade Valley]]. In 2015, an [[Luigi Mansion Arcade|arcade spinoff]] was released by Capcom. In 2018, the first ''Luigi's Mansion'' was [[Luigi's Mansion (Nintendo 3DS)|remade]] for 3DS with enhanced graphics and audio, modified levels, and added features such as in-game achievements. Another main game, ''[[Luigi's Mansion 3]]'', where Luigi must rescue the Toads and Princess Peach from a more vast and newer Hotel was released for the Nintendo Switch. 

In 2005, the franchise saw a role-reversal with ''[[Super Princess Peach]]'' for the Nintendo DS. Developed by the behind-the-scenes studio [[TOSE Software Co.|TOSE]], it casts Peach as the main protagonist, who uses [[Perry]] the talking parasol and her own powers of emotion in the form of [[Vibe]]s to save Luigi, and several Toads from Bowser, who has imprisoned them on [[Vibe Island]].

In 2014, Nintendo released ''[[Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker]]'' for Wii U, a puzzle-platforming game based on the "Adventures of Captain Toad" stages in ''Super Mario 3D World'', retaining the main gimmick in that the player is unable to jump, though in this game they can attack by picking up and throwing objects. The heroes [[Captain Toad]] and [[Toadette]] go on a quest for treasure, but must save each other from a treasure-seeking bird named [[Wingo]]. ''Treasure Tracker'' was ported to both the Switch and the 3DS in 2018, replacing the ''3D World'' levels with new ones based off ''Super Mario Odyssey''; this port was updated the following year with a downloadable pack containing 18 new levels and a co-op mode.

===Spin-off series===
====Partner franchises====
:''Main articles: [[Yoshi (franchise)]], 
[[File:baby luigi's island.png|thumb|right|Yoshi's Island is an experiment in how much players will allow their memories of a brilliant first installment to be untainted in the face of sequels outsourced to the developers of ''{{wp|Vampire Rain}}.]]
One of the most closely linked partner franchises to ''Luigi'' is the [[Yoshi (franchise)|''Yoshi'' franchise]], composed of various platform and puzzle games. In addition to Nintendo, its games have been developed by such other companies as [[Game Freak]], Intelligent Systems, [[Artoon]], [[Arzest]], and [[Good-Feel]]. The series was conceived after its eponymous character gained mass popularity from his debut appearance in ''Super Mario World''. The "main" branch of the ''Yoshi'' series―that in which he is featured in playable main-character roles―was established in 1995 with ''[[Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island]]'' for the SNES, which introduced the main staples of Yoshi's independent universe; in this game, Yoshi and his friends tote Baby Luigi around their island, who along with the stork that was supposed to deliver him was almost kidnapped by the Magikoopa Kamek, who is caring for an [[Baby Bowser|infant Bowser]]. ''Yoshi's Island'' has since spawned six follow-up adventures, one of which, ''[[Yoshi's Island DS]]'', introduced infant versions of several other recurring ''Luigi' characters. Other ''Yoshi'' games include [[Yoshi (game)|a 1991 falling-block puzzle game]] for NES and Game Boy; the tile-matching game ''[[Yoshi's Cookie]]'', developed by {{wp|Blue Planet Software}} (then called Bullet-Proof Software); and a dedicated {{wp|light gun shooter}} called ''[[Yoshi's Safari]]'', which made use of the SNES [[Super Scope]].


====Crossovers====
:''Main articles: [[Super Smash Bros. (series)]], [[Mario & Sonic (series)]]
Major characters of the ''Luigi'' series have been staple fighters in the ''[[Super Smash Bros. (series)|Super Smash Bros.]]'' series since [[Super Smash Bros.|its first installment]], on Nintendo 64, was released in 1999. This all-out fighting series is not really an offshoot of the ''Luigi'' franchise, however; it is more of a crossover series for all of Nintendo's major intellectual properties, and later installments even feature several characters from outside gaming companies who have appeared on Nintendo systems. In the games, players select whichever character they want, and fight against each other on a specific stage. Each character has their own unique and clearly defined moveset, and can also use items to harm others or help themselves in some way.

In 2005, Nintendo signed a deal with {{wp|Electronic Arts}} to feature Nintendo characters in EA's games. This would lead to Luigi and Peach, being included as playable characters exclusively in the Nintendo GameCube versions of ''[[NBA Street V3]]'' and ''[[SSX on Tour]]''.

[[File:MSOWG luigiski.png|thumb|right|300px|In the ''[[Mario & Sonic (series)|Mario & Sonic]]'' crossover series, Luigi and friends <s>waste a potentially exciting crossover</s> compete in the {{wp|Olympic Games}} alongside [[Sonic the Hedgehog]] and his various friends.]]
In 2007, ''Luigi'' characters crossed over with the characters of [[Sega]]'s ''{{wp|Sonic the Hedgehog (series)|Sonic the Hedgehog}}'' series in a sports game called ''[[Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games]]'', based on the {{wp|2008 Summer Olympics}} in Beijing, for Wii, with a Nintendo DS version being released later. Boasting a player-character roster evenly divided among the ''Luigi'' and ''Sonic'' casts, the game featured a combination of sporting events taken directly from the {{wp|Summer Olympics}} and those exclusive to the game. A follow-up, ''[[Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games|Olympic Winter Games]]'', was released in 2009, this time based on the {{wp|2010 Winter Olympics}} in Vancouver. Four more installments based on later Olympics have been released: ''[[Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games|London 2012 Olympic Games]]'', released for Wii in 2011 and 3DS in 2012; ''[[Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games|Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games]]'', released exclusively on the Wii U in 2013; ''[[Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games|Rio 2016 Olympic Games]]'', launched to Wii U and 3DS in 2016; and ''[[Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020|Olympic Games Tokyo 2020]]'', released exclusively on Nintendo Switch in 2019. That last edition is notable for being so far the only entry in the series to be based on an Olympics that ended up not happening during the year projected.

Two sports games developed by [[Square Enix]] crossed over several characters from ''Final Fantasy'' into the world of ''Luigi''. The first, ''[[Mario Hoops 3-on-3]]'', released in 2006, is a basketball game where the ''Luigi'' characters play on sixteen courts distributed among four tournaments, using "special shots" to gain an advantage over unsuspecting opponents, and question-mark panels yielding items to use on foes. In 2010, this was followed up with ''[[Mario Sports Mix]]'', where the ''Luigi'' cast not only competes in basketball again, but also plays three additional sports―hockey, dodgeball, and volleyball.

''Luigi'' characters have also crossed over into another Square Enix series, ''Fortune Street'' (いただきストリート ''Itadaki Sutorīto''). This series, originally exclusive to Japan for many years, is a series of party games fashioned in a format similar to that of the board game ''{{wp|Monopoly (game)|Monopoly}}''. The ''Luigi'' cast specifically appeared in the ''Fortune Street'' series' [[Itadaki Street DS|Nintendo DS installment]], alongside several characters from Square Enix's ''{{wp|Dragon Quest}}'' series, released in 2007; then returned in the [[Fortune Street|Wii follow-up]], released in 2011, which was the first to be released overseas.

More recently, the ''Luigi'' world crossed over into the ''{{wp|Puzzle & Dragons}}'' series by [[GungHo Online Entertainment]], when a ''[[Puzzle & Dragons: Super Mario Bros. Edition|Super Mario Bros. Edition]]'' of the series was released in 2015 for Nintendo 3DS. The game mixes the ''Puzzle & Dragons'' gameplay of matching icons to damage enemies with pre-established ''Luigi'' characters, enemies, locations, and the use of power-ups as the icons.

In a collaboration between Nintendo and {{wp|Activision}}, Bowser and Donkey Kong are featured as playable characters in the Nintendo versions of ''[[Skylanders: SuperChargers]]'', with their own ''Skylanders'' figures that can also double as [[amiibo]]. These figures are also compatible with the Wii U and later Nintendo Switch versions of ''{{wp|Skylanders: Imaginators}}''.

A turn-based tactics game called ''[[Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle]]'' was produced by [[Ubisoft]] as a crossover between 'Luigi'' and the ''{{wp|Raving Rabbids}}'' series, and was released for the Nintendo Switch in 2017. Luigi, Peach, and Yoshi are each given their own [[Rabbid]] counterparts, who work along with them as they counter the schemes of Bowser Jr., who intends to conquer the Mushroom Kingdom by exploiting a special Rabbid who has the ability to fuse any two objects.

===Games not manufactured by Nintendo===
The games in this section were both developed and published by companies other than Nintendo. Nintendo had no involvement in these titles other than licensing the underlying property; as such, they are not officially recognized by the company.

====Hudson Soft====
In 1984, [[Hudson Soft]] released ''[[Mario Bros. Special]]'', an original arcade-style platformer based on ''Mario Bros.'' with adjusted graphics and sound and new stages. Instead of having to defeat every enemy in the level, the game involved trying to get to the top of a level, where the exit to each level is. This was followed up later in the year by ''[[Punch Ball Mario Bros.]]'', which was exactly the same as the arcade original but involved "punch balls" that Luigi and Luigi could use to hit and stun enemies, as well as a reversed platform pattern. Both of these games were released for the Japanese computers {{wp|NEC PC-6001}}, {{wp|NEC PC-8801}}, {{wp|FM-7}}, and {{wp|Sharp X1}}.

In 1986, Hudson released [[Super Mario Bros. Special|another ''Special'' game]], this one based on ''Super Mario Bros.'' and released for the PC-88 and Sharp X1. The true "lost" game of the series, ''Special'' was the first licensed sequel to ''Super Mario Bros.'', appearing only a few months before ''The Lost Levels''. Though it is superficially similar to the original game, the levels are completely original. There is no screen-scrolling mechanism, no two-player mode, the jumping and running physics are different from the NES original, and the graphics and audio quality are altered for the PC-88's inferior technology.

====Philips====
[[File:HM_Luigi.png|thumb|left|''Hotel Mario'' is widely regarded as a game of paramount cultural importance.]]
Three games using the ''Luigi' license were planned to be released by [[Royal Philips Electronics|Philips]]' interactive media division for its [[Philips CD-i|CD-i]] machine: ''[[Super Mario's Wacky Worlds]]'', ''[[Hotel Mario]]'', and ''[[Mario Takes America|Luigi Takes America]]''. Only ''Hotel Mario'' was released; the other two were eventually canceled. Philips was given permission to use Nintendo characters in CD-i games due to its taking part in developing an unreleased CD add-on for the SNES. ''Hotel Mario'' was critically panned and gained very little success, if any at all.

''Hotel Mario'', a puzzle game, was developed by Fantasy Factory and published by Philips in 1994. Luigi must find Princess Peach by going through seven "Koopa Hotels" in the Mushroom Kingdom. Every hotel is divided into multiple stages, and the objective is to close all doors on each stage. The game has been criticized as one of the worst games in the series, mainly because of its cutscenes and the simplicity of its gameplay.

''Super Mario's Wacky Worlds'' was developed by [[NovaLogic]] and attempted to duplicate the gameplay of ''Super Mario World''. Though the game sprites are based on those in ''Super Mario World'', the level design is based on Earth locations rather than Dinosaur Land. Due to the limitations of the CD-i, several features could not be included in the game, such as large numbers of sprites on the screen, and many visual effects. Though the game was canceled, a few prototype discs exist.

''Luigi Takes America'' was proposed about Luigi's trip to Hollywood to make his own movie. Developed by Cigam, the game would have used full-motion backgrounds with character sprites based on cartoon animation. The concept initially impressed Philips, but was canceled due to the company being unsatisfied with the game's development progress.

====Other====
Seven ''Luigi'' games were licensed to {{wp|Nelsonic Industries}} for use in its "[[Nelsonic Game Watch|Game Watch]]" toy line between 1989 and 1994.

''[[Super Mario Bros. & Friends: When I Grow Up]]'' was a digital coloring book released for DOS in 1991. ''When I Grow Up'' features drawings of the ''Luigi'' cast (along with many cameos of characters from ''[[zeldawiki:The Legend of Zelda (Series)|The Legend of Zelda]]'') themed after various professions captioned with short blurbs on the careers depicted. 

''[[Mario's FUNdamentals|Mario's Game Gallery]]'' was developed by Presage Software for Windows computers and released by Interplay in 1995. The game allows the player to play one of five games against Luigi; the man who voiced Luigi here, [[Charles Martinet]], became the official voice-over artist for the Luigi character. ''Mario's Game Gallery'' was later reissued in 1998 as ''Mario's FUNdamentals'', which was compatible with Macintosh computers as well as Windows.

==Other media==
The ''Luigi'' franchise includes many alternate-media adaptations of the games, including five TV series produced by the animation studio [[DIC Entertainment]], and numerous comics and manga. Most of these productions were released in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and have since become obscure. The games also spawned two film adaptations: an anime OVA released in 1986, and a largely unsuccessful live action film released in 1993.

===Television===
[[File:French.jpg|thumb|right|''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' and its sequels inexplicably did not bill Luigi despite him being the only character to appear in every episodes.]]

''[[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]]'' was the first television series to be based on the Luigi character. It was broadcast in syndication on every weekday from September 4 to December 1, 1989. The first of three ''Luigi' animated series to be produced by DIC Entertainment, it was distributed for syndicated television by {{wp|Viacom (original)|Viacom Enterprises}}, though full rights to the series have since been returned to DIC and carried over to its successors. The show featured live-action segments where Luigi (played by [[Danny Wells]]),living in [[Mario Brothers Plumbing|his basement workshop]] in [[Brooklyn]], is often visited by various celebrity guest stars; and animated segments, based on ''Super Mario Bros.'' and ''Super Mario Bros. 2'', where he team up with Princess Toadstool and Toad to battle "King Koopa" (a merger of Bowser and Wart) and his forces to save the many lands of the world. On Fridays, the show would instead air an episode of ''[[The Legend of Zelda (cartoon)|The Legend of Zelda]]'' as its animated segment. Reruns of the ''Super Show'' after its initial airing rebranded the series as ''[[Club Mario]]'', replacing the live-action segments with the adventures of a ''Luigi''-loving slacker named [[Tommy Treehugger]] and his friend [[Co-MC]].

''[[Mario Ice Capades]]'', a live-action ice show, aired on {{wp|American Broadcasting Company|ABC}} in 1989 and starred {{wp|Alyssa Milano}} and {{wp|Jason Bateman}} as a pair of kids. The two are playing ''Super Mario Bros.'' on an NES, when suddenly the game begins glitching and Bowser appears on stage. He sends his minions to attack, prompting Princess Toadstool to appear and assist Luigi who with the help of a vaporizing gun, must defeat the Koopa troops to save the day.

''[[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]]'', a live action children's television show, was broadcast in Southern California during the holiday season of 1989/1990. A live-action version of King Koopa read fan mail, hosted quizzes for the TV audience, and showed public-domain cartoons irrelevant to the themes of the ''Luigi'' franchise. The 30-minute program was originally broadcast during the after-school afternoon time-slots on Los Angeles-based {{wp|KTTV Fox 11}}.

''[[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]]'' originally aired on {{wp|NBC}} on Saturday mornings from September 8 to December 1, 1990. It was based on ''Super Mario Bros. 3'', taking the basic premise of the ''Super Show'' and morphing the atmosphere to create a more fitting link between the show and the game. Like the previous ''Luigi'' cartoon series, the animation was done by [[Sei Young Animation Co., Ltd.]], however this show was co-produced by Reteitalia S.P.A., leading to slight differences in character design.

A show called ''[[The Super Mario Challenge]]'' aired on {{wp|The Children's Channel}} in the United Kingdom on weekday afternoons in 1990 and 1991. The show was a game show hosted by {{wp|John Lenahan}}, who would be dressed as Luigi. Two guest players had to do tasks, all of which involved playing the ''Super Mario Bros.'' games. Initially, only the first and second games were included; ''Super Mario Bros. 3'' was not released in Europe until 1991. Rounds included challenges to see which player could complete a level in the fastest time and who could collect the most gold coins on a certain level.

''[[Super Mario World (television series)|Super Mario World]]'' was DIC's third and last Saturday morning cartoon based on ''Luigi'', and was based on the SNES game of the same name. The show was originally aired on Saturday mornings on NBC in the 1991–92 season. It was featured in a half-hour time slot with a shortened version of ''[[Captain N: The Game Master]]''. Episodes of ''Super Mario World'' were later shown as part of the syndication package ''[[Captain N & The Video Game Masters]]''. After the cancellation of ''Captain N'', the series was split therefrom, and episodes of both it and the ''Super Show'' were shown in time-compressed reruns on a compilation program called ''[[Mario All Stars]]'' in 1994.

===Film===
[[File:John Leguizamo.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Super Mario Bros.'' live-action film was not [[John Leguizamo]]’s finest moment as a thespian.]]
The ''[[Super Mario Bros. (film)|Super Mario Bros.]]'' film, released on May 28, 1993, is a science fiction live-action movie adaptation of the series, loosely based on the games, and the first Hollywood adaptation of a video game property. The film [[John Leguizamo]] as [[Luigi (film character)|Luigi]] respectively (considered separate from the original video game characters), [[Dennis Hopper]] as "[[President Koopa]]" (representing Bowser), and [[Samantha Mathis]] as a young woman named [[Princess Daisy (film character)|Daisy]] (unrelated to the character from the games). The movie's plot centers around Luigi, a down-on-his luck plumber from Brooklyn, ashe discovers a parallel universe called "[[Dinohattan]]", dictated by President Koopa, who seeks to merge the two dimensions together so that he can rule both worlds, leaving it up to him to stop Koopa with help from Daisy, who finds out that she is the daughter of the world's displaced king. The film was a {{wp|box office bomb}}, grossing only $20.9 million on a $48 million budget, and was panned by critics, with a 15% aggregate score on {{wp|Rotten Tomatoes}}. However, it did receive two {{wp|Saturn Award}} nominations, one for Best Costume and the other for Best Makeup. The film has since gained a cult following, leading to future re-releases and a [[Super Mario Bros. (film)#Sequel webcomic|fan-made sequel comic]] supervised by one of the movie's original writers.

In early 2018, Nintendo revealed that a ''Luigi'' animated film is currently in development, being co-produced by Miyamoto and [[Illumination|Illumination Entertainment]] founder Chris Meledandri. The film is set for theatrical release in 2022.

====Anime====
''[[Super Mario Bros.: Peach-hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen!]]'' (subtitle translated as "The Great Mission to Rescue Princess Peach") was a Japan-only anime film released on July 20, 1986. Directed by Masami Hata and produced by Masakatsu Suzuki and Tsunemasa Hatano, it stars Luigi, who get stuck in a video game world, in which he must save Princess Peach and the Mushroom Kingdom from Bowser, who plans to marry the princess. The first full-length feature film to be based on a video game, it was adapted into manga form shortly after its release.

A three-episode {{wp|Original video animation|OVA}} series, ''[[Amada Anime Series: Super Mario Bros.]]'', was released in August 1989 featuring the 'Luigi'' characters re-enacting three popular fairy tales: the stories of {{wp|Momotarō}}, {{wp|Issun-bōshi}}, and {{wp|Snow White}}. In these episodes, Luigi plays the heroes, Peach the damsels, and Bowser the villains; supporting roles are taken by other ''Luigi'' characters.

{{wp|Toei Animation}} produced three {{wp|public service announcement}} short films using the ''Luigi'' characters. ''[[Super Mario no Shōbōtai]]'', a fire safety video, featured Luigi teaching children not to play with dangerous objects that could start fires and other ways to prevent them from starting. ''[[Super Mario no Kōtsū Anzen]]'', a traffic safety video, had Luigi teach children how to safely cross the road; and ''[[Super Mario ABC no Utau Video]]'' was designed to have Luigi teach English to Japanese children. These films were only distributed to schools in Japan in 1989.<ref>Gaijillionaire (May 30, 2017). [http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/05/a_lost_super_mario_anime_has_been_found_and_shown_off_in_japan A Lost Super Mario Anime Has Been Found and Shown Off in Japan]. Nintendo Life. Retrieved May 30, 2017.</ref>

''[[Super Mario World: Luigi to Yoshi no Bōken Land]]'' (subtitle translated "Mario & Yoshi's Adventure Land") was an interactive anime video based on ''Super Mario World''. The video is meant to be used in conjunction with {{wp|Bandai}}'s "Terebikko", a phone-shaped microphone that allows viewers to input answers to questions asked during the video.

A highly obscure 1995 educational VHS release, the ''[[Mario Kirby Meisaku Video]]'' (''meisaku'' meaning ''masterpiece''), had Luigi and his fellow Nintendo icon [[wikirby:Kirby|Kirby]] go on separate adventures, in stories told via still imagery and narration accompanied by text that was intended to teach Japanese children {{wp|kanji}}, Chinese characters which are commonly used in Japanese writing.

===Literature===
====Manga====
[[File:luigi-kun.png|thumb|right|''Super Mario-Kun'' is the longest-running ''Luigi''-related dispenser of scatological humour, with over 50 volumes published since 1991.]]
Luigi's first manga series was published under the [[Super Mario (Kodansha manga)|KC Deluxe]] banner in {{wp|Kodansha}}'s ''{{wp|Comic BomBom}}'' magazine from 1988 to 1998, and was collected in 42 volumes. While volumes are named after and based on specific games, the manga also features original characters and scenarios.

''[[Super Mario-Kun]]'' (スーパーくん ''Sūpā -kun''), a manga series written by Yukio Sawada and serialized by {{wp|Shogakukan}} in its magazine ''{{wp|CoroCoro Comic}}'', contains retellings of many of the various stories in 'Luigi' games. The first entry in the series was published in 1991, and is the longest-running ''Luigi'' manga series. Originally only available in Japan, the series was localized for France by Soleil Manga starting in late 2014, with a Spanish localization by Planeta Cómic following in 2016, and English translations of the series' all-time best strips have been planned for release by {{wp|Viz Media}} in late 2020.

Between 1992 and 1994, Shogakukan published a second ''Luigi''-themed manga: ''[[Otenba Peach-hime]]'' (roughly "Tomboy Princess Peach"), written and drawn by Sayuri Jo for the ''Shōgakusannensei'' magazine and aimed at younger readers. The series consisted of gag strips starring a younger Princess Peach alongside other 'Luigi'' characters.

''[[Super Mario 4koma Manga Theater]]'' was a {{wp|Yonkoma}} gag manga that began publication in 1993. The series was a collaborative effort featuring several artists, and focused on jokes based on scenarios or other features in various ''Luigi'' games.

Starting in 2004, [[Super Mario-Kun (Pikkapika Comics)|another manga titled ''Super Mario-Kun'']] was published under the Pikkapika Comics label and was written and drawn by Hiroshi Takase. The series ran for only five volumes and was discontinued when the author died in 2006.

====Western comics====

The ''[[Nintendo Comics System]]'', a series of comic books published by [[Valiant|Valiant Comics]] in 1990 and 1991, was part of a licensing deal with Nintendo to create comics featuring characters from its video games and the cartoons based on them. Valiant's ''Super Mario Bros.'' comic books were based on the three main ''Luigi'' games on the NES and, to some extent, on the ''Super Show''. They featured many long and short stories, which were comedy-oriented and included a number of exclusive original characters, the most prominent being [[Mushroom King|a scatterbrained ''de jure'' ruler]] for the Mushroom Kingdom, and his adviser [[Wooster]]. The series also featured a number of fake advertisements and letter pages. Another ''Nintendo Comics System'' series, the four-issue miniseries ''Game Boy'', had the characters of ''Super Mario Land'' appearing in the real world from Game Boys, with Luigi trying to stop Tatanga from taking over the world.

''Luigi'' characters and elements also featured prominently in the comics published in ''[[Club Nintendo (magazine)|Club Nintendo]]'', Nintendo's official magazine in Germany. The first of these comics appeared in the April 1991 issue, and thirty-six more 'Luigi''-based installments were released over a span of several years.

''[[Super Mario Adventures]]'', a comic anthology written by Kentaro Takekuma and drawn by Charlie Nozawa, was published monthly for exactly one year by ''[[Nintendo Power]]'' from January to December 1992. Loosely based on ''Super Mario World'', the comic follows Luigi, Yoshi, and Toad as they set off to save Princess Toadstool and the other Yoshis from the Koopalings and Bowser, who intends to forcibly marry the princess. 

{{wp|Archie Comics}} made a pitch to Nintendo for [[Archie Comics Mario comic|a new 'Luigi'' comic]] years later, which was rejected.<ref>Lamoreux, Ben. (November 2, 2015) [http://www.gamnesia.com/news/archie-comics-pitched-a-super-mario-comic-but-nintendo-rejected-it Archie Comics Pitched a Super Mario Comic, But Nintendo Rejected It]. ''Gamenesia''. Retrieved April 15, 2016.</ref><ref>rawmeatcowboy. (November 2, 2015). [http://www.gonintendo.com/stories/245998-archie-pitched-nintendo-a-super-mario-comic-but-it-was-shot-down Archie pitched Nintendo a Super Mario comic, but it was shot down]. ''Go Nintendo''. Retrieved April 15, 2016.</ref>

====Children's books====

The ''Luigi'' brand was licensed to {{wp|Western Publishing}} for use in children's books in its "Golden Look-Look Book" line, which was aimed at very young readers. Three ''Super Mario Bros.'' books were published under this banner in 1989 and 1990, and were written by Jack C. Harris. The first, ''[[Super Mario Bros.: Trapped in the Perilous Pit|Trapped in the Perilous Pit]]'', has Bowser kidnap Princess Toadstool while Luigi is trying to repair the castle pipes; the brothers try to push back the Koopa Troop as they advance, but unfortunately fall into a pit, with the princess thrown in as well. ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3: Happy Birthday, Princess Toadstool!|Happy Birthday, Princess Toadstool!]]'' centers around Blue Luigi and Luigi's contest to see who can be the first to claim a Starman to present the princess for her birthday. The third and last, ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3: The Secret Bridge|The Secret Bridge]]'', has the brothers and the princess create a bridge to avoid paying Bowser's toll.

The ''[[Nintendo Adventure Books]]'' series was published between 1991 to 1992 by Archway Books in the United States, and Mammoth Books in the United Kingdom. They are formatted like the popular ''{{wp|Choose Your Own Adventure}}'' books, where the reader makes decisions throughout the story that change the outcome of the plot. At the end of each book is a rating page, in which the reader would tally their score based on how they did in the book to determine their rating. Ten out of twelve books in the series are about the Mario Bros.' adventures in the Mushroom Kingdom and are based primarily on Valiant's ''Nintendo Comics System'' stories.

Additionally, {{wp|Scholastic Corporation}} published two ''Luigi'' children's books of its own. The first, released in 2001, was a [[Super Mario Advance (book)|''Choose Your Own Adventure''-style guide book]] based on [[Super Mario Advance|the first ''Super Mario Advance'' game]] (which was a remake of ''Super Mario Bros. 2''), as part of a series of four Nintendo-based books in this style. The second was ''[[Mario and the Incredible Rescue|Luigi and the Incredible Rescue]]'', a 2006 chapter book that takes many of its plot elements from ''Super Mario RPG'', and was one of two books in Scholastic's short-lived ''Nintendo Heroes'' series.

====Other====
In 2015, a pair of books were published for the [[Super Mario Bros. 30th Anniversary|''Super Mario Bros.'' 30th Anniversary]] celebration. The first of these, ''[[Super Mario Memorial Book]]'', was released in September 2015 and features the history of the franchise, a list of characters, developer interviews, and more. The second is the ''[[Super Mario Bros. Encyclopedia]]'', which features comprehensive details on characters, items, gameplay techniques, and more from every ''Super Mario'' game up to ''[[Super Mario 3D World]]''.

===Merchandising===
Luigi has appeared on T-shirts, caps, sneakers, and various other clothing; accessories, school supplies, and stationery; toys such as board games and trading cards; in candy form, on soda cans, cereal, {{wp|Pez}} dispensers, and various other food products; and miscellaneous other items and collectibles including kitchenware, backpacks, badges, shampoo bottles, lunch boxes, and furniture. The ''Luigi'' characters have also appeared as figurines, keychains, and plush toys. Licensed versions of popular board games have also been released, such as [[Donkey Kong Jenga]], [[Super Mario Chess]], and a special version of ''{{wp|Monopoly (game)|Monopoly}}'' based on ''Super Mario Bros.'',<ref>"MONOPOLY®: Super Mario Bros.™ Collector's Edition" page at USAopoly.</ref> all of which were released by USAopoly.

===Concerts and performances===
The ''Luigi'' franchise's central theme tune is the overworld theme from ''Super Mario Bros.'', written by [[Koji Kondo]]. It has been featured in many concerts, including ''PLAY! Chicago'',<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225004700/http://www.music4games.net/News_Display.aspx?id=184 Super Mario Bros. and Zelda composer Koji Kondo to attend PLAY! Chicago]". Music 4 Games. 2006-04-14. Archived from the original on 2009-02-25.</ref> the ''Mario & Zelda Big Band Live'', ''Play!: A Video Game Symphony'',<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215021437/http://www.popjournalism.ca/pop/news/2006/00266playconcert.shtml I hear a video game symphony]". Pop Journalism. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007.</ref> and the {{wp|Video Games Live}} concert.<ref>"Super Mario Bros. Composer Koji Kondo Interview". 1UP.com. 2007-10-19.</ref> Arrangements of this theme have been performed by the {{wp|Columbus Symphony Orchestra}},<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120216025447/http://www.columbusdispatch.com/live/content/life/stories/2007/04/26/gamer_concert.html Symphony piles up points with video game concert]". ''[[wikipedia:The Columbus Dispatch|The Columbus Dispatch]]''. April 27, 2007.</ref> the {{wp|Eminence Symphony Orchestra}},<ref>Dimix86 (September 7, 2007). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcKurvm_0oE Super Mario Bros. Medley (Eminence Symphony Orchestra)] ''Youtube''. Retrieved August 21, 2016.</ref> the {{wp|Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra}},<ref>KRB (February 13, 2016). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFU0t4ELtbc Super Mario - Suite (Live with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra : SCORE Orchestral Game Music)] ''Youtube''. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</ref> and the {{wp|Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra}},<ref>Pablo Leal (February 12, 2011). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tA9lrfb99vI Super Mario Bros. Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra] ''YouTube''. Retrieved August 21, 2016.]</ref> among others.

==Reception and legacy==
{{quote2|'''Also, are you planning to make more Luigi games?'''<br>[...] As for the Luigi series, I don’t know: if we keep releasing them, will you keep playing them?|Shigeru Miyamoto|''[http://shmuplations.com/miyamoto1989/ Television Gaming: Electronic Players' Encyclopedia]'' (テレビゲーム 電視遊戯大全 ''Terebi Gēmu Denshi Yūgi Taizen''), 1989}} 

===Critical response===
[[File:LM Group Art Original.png|thumb|Not pictured: the poster art for ''{{wp|Home Alone}}.'']]
Throughout the ''Luigi’‘ franchise's life span of over thirty years, many critics, fans, and developers have considered it to be the greatest video game franchise of all time. Luigi is widely considered the most famous video game character in history and an icon of the gaming industry.<ref>[http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-nintendo_shining_star.htm "Nintendo's Shining Star: The History of Mario"]. ''Game Cubicle''. August 23, 2008.</ref><ref>Orlando, Greg. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081020153928/http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/multimedia/2007/05/gallery_game_history?slide=18 Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming]." ''{{wp|Wired News}}''. May 15, 2007.</ref><ref>Buchanan, Levi. "[http://retro.ign.com/articles/954/954165p1.html Is There a Bad Luigi Game?]"
 {{wp|IGN}}. February 13, 2009.</ref> Luigi was an inaugural inductee of San Francisco's "{{wp|Walk of Game}}," which honored notable figures in video gaming from 2005 to 2012; and was the first video game character to be honored with a figure in the {{wp|Hollywood Wax Museum}} in 2003. At the height of his popularity, a national survey showed that Luigi had become more recognizable to children than American cartoon characters like {{wp|Mickey Mouse}}.<ref>Iwabuchi, Koichi. ''[http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=8083&viewby=title Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Nationalism]''. {{wp|Duke University Press}}. p. 30.</ref> Miyamoto has declared Luigi to be his favorite out of all the characters he has created.<ref>"[http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/video-games/4334387 Exclusive Interview with Nintendo Gaming Mastermind Shigeru Miyamoto]" on GamePress.</ref>

Being the largest gaming franchise in existence, ''Luigi'' has received many high-scoring reviews on its various games.<ref>[http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html Critical acclaim (from IGN)]</ref> All of the main series entries have very high approval ratings on {{wp|GameRankings}}; for example, ''Super Mario Bros.'' holds an 85% score, ''Super Mario Bros. 3'' has 97%, ''Super Mario World'' has 94%, ''Super Mario 64'' has 96%, and the first and second ''Super Mario Galaxy'' games and ''Super Mario Odyssey'' all hold scores of 97% -- placing all three in the top five best-rated games on the site, with the first ''Super Mario Galaxy'' in the top spot. Many of the franchise's spin-off games hold high GameRankings scores as well, such as ''Super Mario Kart'', which holds a 93% score. So far, no game in the franchise has ever had a rating below 50%.

''Luigi'' is the best-selling video game franchise in history;<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5okQ2NbiK "Italian Plumber More Memorable Than Harper, Dion" at Canadian NewsWire]</ref> since 1995, 31 of its games have received special marking labels from Nintendo for having sold over 1 million copies. The games in the core series, alone, have sold a combined total of over 330 million units worldwide;<ref>[https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vy8mvC_LJPHnlpBFTR5w-BYV1FP_m7hN Super Mario Maker has sold 1 Million units around the world]. Nintendo, September 30, 2015. Sales figures adjusted to include sales of games released afterward.</ref> the ''Mario Kart'' series has sold more than 100 million units;<ref name="mariokart"/> the ''Mario Party'' games have sold more than 45 million units;<ref>[https://www.nintendo.co.uk/News/2015/February/Bring-along-your-amiibo-as-your-party-plus-one-from-20th-March-in-Mario-Party-10-960841.html Bring along your amiibo as your party plus-one from 20th March in Mario Party 10] Nintendo. February 19, 2015. Sales figures adjusted to include sales of games released afterward.</ref> , ''Mario Bros.'' sold 1.72 million Famicom cartridges in its Japanese release.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080730022258/http://www.nintendojofr.com/redaction/editoriaux/?id=aVAd]</ref> Luigi's legacy has also been recognized by the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]'', which awarded the Nintendo mascot and the video games featuring him seven records in its 2008 "Gamer's Edition"; these include "Best Selling Video Game Series of All Time", "First Movie Based on an Existing Video Game", and "Most Prolific Video Game Character", as up to that point, Luigi himself had appeared in 116 distinct titles (not counting remakes or re-releases of existing games).

In the franchise, many games have been considered to be the best of their time by players.<ref>[http://top100.ign.com/2006/index.htmlTop 100 games — 7 of which are ''Luigi'' games]</ref> However, the franchise has been considered to have some games of lower quality.<ref>[http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/133848/the-10-biggest-flops-in-video-games/ 10 Biggest Video Game Flops — GamePro]</ref> Examples include later installments in the ''Mario Party'' and ''Paper Mario'' series; these series have been cited as losing their flair, respectively, due to stagnation in installments released after ''[[Mario Party 3]]'' and the increased shallowness in ''Sticker Star'' and its follow-ups. ''Super Mario Bros.'' was declared to be the greatest video game of all time twice: once by GamesRadar in 2000, and another time by IGN in 2003.<ref>[http://www.filibustercartoons.com/games.htm''Super Mario Bros.'' declared the greatest game of all time]</ref>

The ''Luigi'' cartoons also were shown to have received favorable reviews.<ref>[http://www.tv.com/the-super-mario-bros.-super-show!/show/2753/summary.html?q=Mario&tag=search_results;title;4 Review of ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'']</ref><ref>[http://www.tv.com/captain-n-and-the-adventures-of-super-mario-bros.-3/show/2581/summary.html?q=Mario&tag=search_results;title;5 Review of ''The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3'']</ref><ref>[http://www.tv.com/captain-n-and-the-new-super-mario-world/show/9211/summary.html?q=Mario&tag=search_results;title;8 Review for the ''Super Mario World'' animated series]</ref> Though each of the series were short-lived, they were considered to be highly popular, attracting an audience of children to each episode.<ref>[http://www.animatedbliss.com/DVD/details.asp?title=Super+Mario+Brothers+Super+Show:+Volume+1 The cartoons that had children waiting for more of the Mushroom Kingdom]</ref>

Even with the success of the games and cartoons in the franchise, some productions have attracted many negative reviews. The ''Super Mario Bros.'' film is often considered to be a great failure, and even Hoskins and Hopper were recorded expressing personal distaste for their work. In the May 2006 issue of ''Nintendo Power'', an interviewer from the magazine had said, "Yes, it happened. Let us speak no more of it." ''Hotel'' has often been cited as one of the worst video games ever.

===Cultural impact===
The ''Luigi'' franchise has culturally impacted a multitude of people over the years, with references and parodies in numerous entertainment media. It has also been referenced in [[List of Mario references in real life|real life outside the media]], where many people and places have been named or nicknamed in the character's honor,

The ''Luigi'' franchise has been referenced more times in [[List of Mario references in video games|video games]] than in any other medium. Many of ''Luigi'''s fellow Nintendo properties, including ''[[zeldawiki:The Legend of Zelda (Series)|The Legend of Zelda]]'', ''[[lylatwiki:Star Fox|Star Fox]]'', ''[[FZeroWiki:F-Zero (series)|F-Zero]]'', ''[[bulbapedia:Pokémon|Pokémon]]'', ''[[wikirby:Kirby (series)|Kirby]]'', and ''[[nookipedia:Animal Crossing|Animal Crossing]]'', have referenced the company's flagship franchise in very notable ways. Even games and franchises not produced by Nintendo―such as ''{{wp|Minecraft}}'', ''{{wp|Super Meat Boy}}'', ''{{wp|Call of Duty}}'', ''{{wp|Just Dance (video game series)|Just Dance}}'', ''{{wp|Angry Birds}}'', ''{{wp|Banjo-Kazooie (series)|Banjo-Kazooie}}'', and ''{{wp|Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch}}''―have made various references to the ''Luigi'' games and characters.

''Luigi'' characters and elements have been represented or parodied in numerous [[List of Mario references in animated television|animated television series]], including ''{{wp|The Simpsons}}'' (in over a dozen episodes), ''{{wp|The Ren and Stimpy Show}}'', ''{{wp|South Park}}'', ''{{wp|Family Guy}}'', ''{{wp|SpongeBob SquarePants}}'', ''{{wp|The Fairly OddParents}}'', ''{{wp|Mad (TV series)|Mad}}'' (in 16 episodes), and ''{{wp|Gravity Falls}}''. ''Luigi'' has also been referenced in such [[List of Mario references in live-action television|live-action shows]] as ''{{wp|The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air}}'', ''{{wp|My Name is Earl}}'', ''{{wp|The Big Bang Theory}}'', and ''{{wp|Tosh.0}}''. 

[[List of Mario references in film|In film]], the ''Luigi' franchise has been referenced in such titles as ''{{wp|Billy Madison}}'', ''{{wp|Ghostbusters II}}'', and ''{{wp|Need for Speed (film)|Need for Speed}}''. Notable appearances of ''Luigi'' in film include 1989's ''{{wp|The Wizard (film)|The Wizard}}'', which prominently features ''Super Mario Bros. 3'' in the "Video Armageddon" tournament in the climax (marking the North American public's first exposure to that game), and the 2012 {{wp|Rich Moore}}-directed film ''{{wp|Wreck-It Ralph}}'', where Bowser and the Super Mushroom make cameo appearances. The ''Luigi’‘ franchise has also had minor representations in [[List of Mario references in advertisements|advertising]] (notably, in a {{wp|Got Milk?}} commercial), and spawned several [[List of Mario references in theater|stage theatrical productions]].

[[List of Mario references in publications|Many books]] have also referenced the ''Luigi’‘ franchise, including the ''{{wp|Scott Pilgrim}}'' graphic novel series. The comics industry has also referenced the games in Western comic books, comic strips, and manga alike. Some publications have even been completely centered around 'Luigi'', such as several installments of the comic strip ''{{wp|FoxTrot}}''.

A number of [[List of Mario references in music|musicians]] have referenced ''Luigi'' in their music, such as {{wp|Eminem}}, {{wp|Ludacris}}, and {{wp|Trace Adkins}}. Some songs have been dedicated to the popular series, such as the song "Birdo" by {{wp|Horse the Band}}, which is loosely based off [[Birdo|the same-named ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' boss]].

Additionally, the ''Luigi’‘ franchise possesses a highly diverse fanbase, where content and gameplay are frequently shared via [[List of Mario references on the Internet|the Internet]]. As Nintendo's most popular series, ''Mario'' attracts fans of all ages and skill levels―one of its core mission statements. Many websites and online games have poked fun at the series, and there are several sites that have dedicated themselves to it completely. Thousands of unlicensed fan-made games, videos, comics, stories, cosplay costumes, artworks, and other materials dedicated to the ''Luigi’‘ franchise and its games and characters have existed on sites such as {{wp|Newgrounds}}, {{wp|YouTube}}, {{wp|FanFiction.net}}, and {{wp|DeviantArt}}, among others; many of these fan-works have been viewed or accessed by tens or even hundreds of thousands of people. A few Internet memes have been based around ''Luigi'' characters, and a multitude of YouTube videos have poked fun at what is perceived to be one of the series' greatest blunders, ''[[Hotel Mario]]''. Crossover titles such as ''[[Super Smash Bros. (series)|Super Smash Bros.]]'' are highly coveted among fans, and frequently raise heated discussion in online communities; many of these titles help to introduce 'Luigi'' fans to other Nintendo or third-party franchises, resulting in large amounts of fandom overlap.

==External links==
*[http://mario.nintendo.com/ Official Home for Luigi at Nintendo.com]
*[http://www.nintendo.co.jp/character/mario/  "Luigi Portal" page at the Nintendo Japan site]

==References==
{{NIWA|title=The ''Luigi’‘ franchise|SmashWiki-p=Mario (universe)|NWiki-p=Super Luigi series}}
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